Factor & Remainder Theorem

342 questions · 45 question types identified

One factor, one non-zero remainder

One condition is a factor (remainder zero) and the other condition gives a non-zero remainder.

27
7.9% of questions
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4 The polynomial \(2 x ^ { 3 } + 7 x ^ { 2 } + a x + b\), where \(a\) and \(b\) are constants, is denoted by \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\). It is given that \(( x + 1 )\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\), and that when \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) is divided by \(( x + 2 )\) the remainder is 5 . Find the values of \(a\) and \(b\).
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Single polynomial, two remainder/factor conditions

Questions with one polynomial where two conditions (factor or remainder) are given to find two constants, followed by factorisation or further work.

26
7.6% of questions
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8 You are given that \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } + a x + c\) and that \(\mathrm { f } ( 2 ) = 11\). The remainder when \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by \(( x + 1 )\) is 8 . Find the values of \(a\) and \(c\).
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Find constant, factorise completely

Given one factor, find the constant, then factorise the polynomial completely (possibly with verification of another factor).

22
6.4% of questions
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2. \(f ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } + k x - 20\). Given that \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is exactly divisible by ( \(x + 1\) ),
  1. find the value of the constant \(k\),
  2. solve the equation \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\).
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Direct remainder then factorise

Questions where the polynomial is fully specified, asking to find remainder(s) for given divisor(s), then use this information to verify a factor and factorise completely.

20
5.8% of questions
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3. $$f ( x ) = 10 x ^ { 3 } + 27 x ^ { 2 } - 13 x - 12$$
  1. Find the remainder when \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by
    1. \(x - 2\)
    2. \(x + 3\)
  2. Hence factorise \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) completely.
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Known polynomial, verify then factorise

Questions where the polynomial is completely specified and students must verify the given factor using the factor theorem, then factorise completely.

15
4.4% of questions
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7
  1. Use the factor theorem to show that \(( x - 2 )\) is a factor of \(x ^ { 3 } + 6 x ^ { 2 } - x - 30\).
  2. Factorise \(x ^ { 3 } + 6 x ^ { 2 } - x - 30\) completely.
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Remainder condition

Given that when the polynomial is divided by (x - a) the remainder is r, use the remainder theorem (set p(a) = r) to find the unknown constant.

14
4.1% of questions
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6 When \(x ^ { 3 } + k x + 7\) is divided by \(( x - 2 )\), the remainder is 3 . Find the value of \(k\).
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Prove root count with given polynomial

Questions where the polynomial is fully specified (no unknown constants to find first) and you must factorise it and prove the number of real roots by examining the discriminant of the quadratic factor.

13
3.8% of questions
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4. $$f ( x ) = 4 x ^ { 3 } - 12 x ^ { 2 } + 2 x - 6$$
  1. Use the factor theorem to show that \(( x - 3 )\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\).
  2. Hence show that 3 is the only real root of the equation \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\)
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Single unknown constant

Given one factor of a polynomial with one unknown constant, find that constant using the factor theorem.

13
3.8% of questions
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2 One root of the equation \(x ^ { 3 } + a x ^ { 2 } + 7 = 0\) is \(x = - 2\). Find the value of \(a\).
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Standard verify, factorise, solve

Questions that verify a given factor, factorise the cubic completely, and solve f(x) = 0 for x directly (or write down roots).

13
3.8% of questions
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7 Show that ( \(x - 2\) ) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } - x ^ { 2 } - 4 x + 4\).
Hence solve the equation \(x ^ { 3 } - x ^ { 2 } - 4 x + 4 = 0\).
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Trigonometric substitution equations

Questions where the final equation involves solving for a trigonometric function (sin θ, cos θ, tan θ, sec θ, or cosec θ) after factorising the polynomial.

12
3.5% of questions
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9
  1. The polynomial \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is defined by $$\mathrm { f } ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } - x ^ { 2 } - 3 x + 3$$ Show that \(x = 1\) is a root of the equation \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\), and hence find the other two roots.
  2. Hence solve the equation $$\tan ^ { 3 } x - \tan ^ { 2 } x - 3 \tan x + 3 = 0$$ for \(0 \leqslant x \leqslant 2 \pi\). Give each solution for \(x\) in an exact form.
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Two unknowns with show-that step

Part (a) requires proving a relationship between the unknowns using one remainder condition, then part (b) uses the second remainder to solve the system.

11
3.2% of questions
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2. $$f ( x ) = a x ^ { 3 } + 2 x ^ { 2 } + b x - 3$$ where \(a\) and \(b\) are constants.
When \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by ( \(2 x - 1\) ) the remainder is 1
  1. Show that $$a + 4 b = 28$$ When \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by \(( x + 1 )\) the remainder is - 17
  2. Find the value of \(a\) and the value of \(b\).
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Given factor, find all roots

A factor or root is explicitly given in the question, and you must use it to factorise and find all remaining roots.

10
2.9% of questions
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2. Given that \(x ^ { 2 } + 4 x + 5\) is a factor of \(x ^ { 3 } + x ^ { 2 } - 7 x - 15\), solve the equation \(x ^ { 3 } + x ^ { 2 } - 7 x - 15 = 0\).
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Two factors given

Both conditions state that a linear expression is a factor of the polynomial (remainder is zero for both).

10
2.9% of questions
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4 You are given that \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } + k x + c\). The value of \(\mathrm { f } ( 0 )\) is 6, and \(x - 2\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\).
Find the values of \(k\) and \(c\).
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Factorise polynomial completely

A question is this type if and only if you must express a polynomial as a product of linear factors (and possibly quadratic factors), typically after finding one factor using the factor theorem.

9
2.6% of questions
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  1. Factorise completely
$$x ^ { 3 } - 4 x ^ { 2 } + 3 x .$$
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Apply remainder theorem only

A question is this type if and only if you must find the remainder when a polynomial is divided by a linear factor, without needing to factorise or find constants.

9
2.6% of questions
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1. $$f ( x ) = 4 x ^ { 3 } + 3 x ^ { 2 } - 2 x - 6$$ Find the remainder when \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by ( \(2 x + 1\) ).
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Find constants with divisibility condition

A question is this type if and only if you must find constants given that a polynomial is divisible by (or has as a factor) a quadratic expression, not just linear factors.

9
2.6% of questions
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3 The polynomial \(x ^ { 4 } + 4 x ^ { 2 } + x + a\) is denoted by \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\). It is given that ( \(x ^ { 2 } + x + 2\) ) is a factor of \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\).
Find the value of \(a\) and the other quadratic factor of \(p ( x )\).
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Polynomial with equal remainders

A question is this type if and only if you are told that a polynomial gives equal remainders when divided by two different linear expressions, and must use this to find constants.

9
2.6% of questions
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7 The remainder when \(x ^ { 3 } - 2 x + 4\) is divided by ( \(x - 2\) ) is twice the remainder when \(x ^ { 2 } + x + k\) is divided by ( \(x + 1\) ).
Find the value of \(k\).
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Show equation reduces to polynomial

A question is this type if and only if you must prove that a given equation (often involving logarithms or other functions) can be rearranged into a specific polynomial equation.

8
2.3% of questions
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6 It is given that \(2 \ln ( 4 x - 5 ) + \ln ( x + 1 ) = 3 \ln 3\).
  1. Show that \(16 x ^ { 3 } - 24 x ^ { 2 } - 15 x - 2 = 0\).
  2. By first using the factor theorem, factorise \(16 x ^ { 3 } - 24 x ^ { 2 } - 15 x - 2\) completely.
  3. Hence solve the equation \(2 \ln ( 4 x - 5 ) + \ln ( x + 1 ) = 3 \ln 3\).
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Solve p(exponential) = 0

Questions where you solve equations like p(e^x) = 0, p(2^y) = 0, or p(3^t) = 0 by first solving p(x) = 0, then solving the resulting exponential equations using logarithms.

8
2.3% of questions
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4 The polynomial \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is defined by $$f ( x ) = 12 x ^ { 3 } + 25 x ^ { 2 } - 4 x - 12$$
  1. Show that \(\mathrm { f } ( - 2 ) = 0\) and factorise \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) completely.
  2. Given that $$12 \times 27 ^ { y } + 25 \times 9 ^ { y } - 4 \times 3 ^ { y } - 12 = 0$$ state the value of \(3 ^ { y }\) and hence find \(y\) correct to 3 significant figures.
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Express as product with specific form

A question is this type if and only if you must show a polynomial can be written in a specific form like (x+a)(bx+c)² or as a product with given structure.

7
2.0% of questions
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9. $$f ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } - 9 x ^ { 2 } + 24 x - 16 .$$
  1. Evaluate \(\mathrm { f } ( 1 )\) and hence state a linear factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\).
  2. Show that \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) can be expressed in the form $$\mathrm { f } ( x ) = ( x + p ) ( x + q ) ^ { 2 } ,$$ where \(p\) and \(q\) are integers to be found.
  3. Sketch the curve \(y = \mathrm { f } ( x )\).
  4. Using integration, find the area of the region enclosed by the curve \(y = \mathrm { f } ( x )\) and the \(x\)-axis.
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Polynomial identity or expansion

A question is this type if and only if you must find constants in an identity of the form p(x) ≡ (x+a)(bx²+cx+d)+e by expanding and comparing coefficients.

7
2.0% of questions
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2 Find the values of \(A , B , C\) and \(D\) in the identity \(2 x ^ { 3 } - 3 \equiv ( x + 3 ) \left( A x ^ { 2 } + B x + C \right) + D\).
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Solve p(algebraic transform) = 0

Questions where you solve p((y+c)^r) = 0 for rational exponents r (like (y+3)^(1/2) or (y-2)^2) by first solving p(x) = 0, then solving algebraic equations involving powers and roots.

7
2.0% of questions
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5. (a) Find, using algebra, all solutions of $$20 x ^ { 3 } - 50 x ^ { 2 } - 30 x = 0$$ (b) Hence find all real solutions of $$20 ( y + 3 ) ^ { \frac { 3 } { 2 } } - 50 ( y + 3 ) - 30 ( y + 3 ) ^ { \frac { 1 } { 2 } } = 0$$
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Find constants using remainder theorem

Questions where the polynomial contains unknown constants that must first be determined using given remainder conditions, before verifying a factor and factorising.

7
2.0% of questions
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4. \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = ( x - 3 ) \left( 3 x ^ { 2 } + x + a \right) - 35\) where \(a\) is a constant
  1. State the remainder when \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by \(( x - 3 )\). Given \(( 3 x - 2 )\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\),
  2. show that \(a = - 17\)
  3. Using algebra and showing each step of your working, fully factorise \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\).
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Single unknown from factor condition

Questions where one unknown constant is found using a single factor condition, then factorise and prove root count by examining the discriminant of the quadratic factor.

5
1.5% of questions
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3 The polynomial \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is defined by $$f ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } + a x ^ { 2 } - a x + 14$$ where \(a\) is a constant. It is given that ( \(x + 2\) ) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\).
  1. Find the value of \(a\).
  2. Show that, when \(a\) has this value, the equation \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\) has only one real root.
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Find constants from coefficient conditions

A question is this type if and only if you must find constants using information about specific coefficients in an expansion or product, rather than factor/remainder conditions.

4
1.2% of questions
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8 You are given that
  • the coefficient of \(x ^ { 3 }\) in the expansion of \(\left( 5 + 2 x ^ { 2 } \right) \left( x ^ { 3 } + k x + m \right)\) is 29 ,
  • when \(x ^ { 3 } + k x + m\) is divided by ( \(x - 3\) ), the remainder is 59 .
Find the values of \(k\) and \(m\).
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Multiple unknowns with derivative condition

Given a polynomial with unknown constants where at least one condition involves the derivative being zero or having a specific factor, requiring differentiation before applying factor/remainder theorem.

4
1.2% of questions
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5 The polynomial \(a x ^ { 3 } - 10 x ^ { 2 } + b x + 8\), where \(a\) and \(b\) are constants, is denoted by \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\). It is given that \(( x - 2 )\) is a factor of both \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) and \(\mathrm { p } ^ { \prime } ( x )\).
  1. Find the values of \(a\) and \(b\).
  2. When \(a\) and \(b\) have these values, factorise \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) completely.
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Find factor then solve

No factor is given; you must first use the factor theorem to find a factor by testing values, then factorise and solve completely.

4
1.2% of questions
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4 In this question you must show detailed reasoning.
Find the coordinates of the points where the curve \(y = x ^ { 3 } - 2 x ^ { 2 } - 5 x + 6\) crosses the \(x\)-axis.
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Two polynomials, shared factor or separate conditions

Questions involving two distinct polynomials f(x) and g(x) where conditions are given separately for each, or a common factor is shared between them.

4
1.2% of questions
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7.
\(( x - 3 )\) is a common factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) and \(\mathrm { g } ( x )\) where: $$\begin{aligned} & \mathrm { f } ( x ) = 2 x ^ { 3 } - 11 x ^ { 2 } + ( p - 15 ) x + q
& \mathrm {~g} ( x ) = 2 x ^ { 3 } - 17 x ^ { 2 } + p x + 2 q \end{aligned}$$
    1. Show that \(3 p + q = 90\) and \(3 p + 2 q = 99\) Fully justify your answer.
  1. (ii) Hence find the values of \(p\) and \(q\).
  2. \(\quad \mathrm { h } ( x ) = \mathrm { f } ( x ) + \mathrm { g } ( x )\) Using your values of \(p\) and \(q\), fully factorise \(\mathrm { h } ( x )\)
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Verify factor then simplify rational expression

Questions that verify a factor, factorise completely, then use the factorisation to simplify a rational expression or algebraic fraction.

4
1.2% of questions
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1 The polynomial \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is defined by \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 4 x ^ { 3 } - 13 x + 6\).
  1. Find \(\mathrm { f } ( - 2 )\).
  2. Use the Factor Theorem to show that \(2 x - 3\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\).
  3. Simplify \(\frac { 2 x ^ { 2 } + x - 6 } { \mathrm { f } ( x ) }\).
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Verify, factorise, solve with substitution

Questions that verify a given factor, factorise the cubic, then solve an equation where x is replaced by a trigonometric or other function (e.g., f(cosec θ) = 0).

4
1.2% of questions
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12
  1. Prove that ( \(2 x + 1\) ) is a factor of \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\)
    12
  2. Factorise \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) completely.
    12
  3. Prove that there are no real solutions to the equation $$\frac { 30 \sec ^ { 2 } x + 2 \cos x } { 7 } = \sec x + 1$$
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Integration or area using factorised polynomial

A question is this type if and only if you must use a factorised polynomial to find an area or evaluate an integral, after first factorising.

3
0.9% of questions
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10. $$g ( x ) = 2 x ^ { 3 } + x ^ { 2 } - 41 x - 70$$
  1. Use the factor theorem to show that \(\mathrm { g } ( x )\) is divisible by \(( x - 5 )\).
  2. Hence, showing all your working, write \(\mathrm { g } ( x )\) as a product of three linear factors. The finite region \(R\) is bounded by the curve with equation \(y = \mathrm { g } ( x )\) and the \(x\)-axis, and lies below the \(x\)-axis.
  3. Find, using algebraic integration, the exact value of the area of \(R\).
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Exponential substitution equations

Questions where the final equation involves solving for exponential expressions (e^x, 2^y, 3^t, 5^y, etc.) after factorising the polynomial.

3
0.9% of questions
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6. $$f ( x ) = - 6 x ^ { 3 } - 7 x ^ { 2 } + 40 x + 21$$
  1. Use the factor theorem to show that \(( x + 3 )\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\)
  2. Factorise f(x) completely.
  3. Hence solve the equation $$6 \left( 2 ^ { 3 y } \right) + 7 \left( 2 ^ { 2 y } \right) = 40 \left( 2 ^ { y } \right) + 21$$ giving your answer to 2 decimal places.
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Verify factor then solve related equation

Questions that verify a factor, factorise completely, then use the factorisation to solve a related equation (often involving substitution like y² for x) or prove divisibility properties.

3
0.9% of questions
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6
  1. Use the factor theorem to show that ( \(x + 2\) ) is a factor of the expression $$6 x ^ { 3 } + 13 x ^ { 2 } - 33 x - 70$$ and hence factorise the expression completely.
  2. Deduce the roots of the equation $$6 + 13 y - 33 y ^ { 2 } - 70 y ^ { 3 } = 0$$
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Unknown constant, verify then factorise

Questions where a constant in the polynomial is unknown and must be found using the given factor, then the polynomial is factorised completely.

3
0.9% of questions
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5.
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The diagram shows the curve \(y = \mathrm { f } ( x )\) where $$f ( x ) = 4 + 5 x + k x ^ { 2 } - 2 x ^ { 3 }$$ and \(k\) is a constant. The curve crosses the \(x\)-axis at the points \(A , B\) and \(C\).
Given that \(A\) has coordinates \(( - 4,0 )\),
  1. show that \(k = - 7\),
  2. find the coordinates of \(B\) and \(C\).
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Find quotient and remainder by division

A question is this type if and only if you must explicitly find both the quotient and remainder when dividing a polynomial by a linear or quadratic expression.

2
0.6% of questions
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8. \(\mathrm { p } ( x ) = x ^ { 4 } - ( x - 2 ) ^ { 4 }\).
  1. Show that ( \(x - 1\) ) is a factor of \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\).
  2. Show that $$\mathrm { p } ( x ) = 8 x ^ { 3 } - 24 x ^ { 2 } + 32 x - 16$$
  3. Find the quotient and remainder when \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) is divided by ( \(x + 1\) ).
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Solve inequality involving polynomial

A question is this type if and only if you must solve p(x) > 0 or p(x) < 0 by first factorising the polynomial and analysing sign changes.

2
0.6% of questions
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2 The polynomial \(2 x ^ { 3 } - x ^ { 2 } + a\), where \(a\) is a constant, is denoted by \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\). It is given that ( \(2 x + 3\) ) is a factor of \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\).
  1. Find the value of \(a\).
  2. When \(a\) has this value, solve the inequality \(\mathrm { p } ( x ) < 0\).
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Factor condition (zero remainder)

Questions where a linear expression is stated to be a factor of the polynomial, requiring the polynomial to equal zero at a specific value.

2
0.6% of questions
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1 Show that ( \(x - 2\) ) is a factor of \(3 x ^ { 3 } - 8 x ^ { 2 } + 3 x + 2\).
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Verify factor then sketch or analyse curve

Questions that verify a factor, factorise completely, then sketch the curve or find/analyse turning points and other curve properties.

2
0.6% of questions
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9. \(f ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } - 4 x ^ { 2 } - 3 x + 18\).
  1. Show that \(( x - 3 )\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\).
  2. Fully factorise \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\).
  3. Using your answer to part (b), write down the coordinates of one of the turning points of the curve \(y = \mathrm { f } ( x )\) and give a reason for your answer.
  4. Using differentiation, find the \(x\)-coordinate of the other turning point of the curve \(y = \mathrm { f } ( x )\).
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Two unknowns from two conditions

Questions where two unknown constants must be found using two conditions (one factor condition and one remainder/value condition), then factorise and prove root count.

2
0.6% of questions
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3 The polynomial \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) is defined by $$\mathrm { p } ( x ) = a x ^ { 3 } - a x ^ { 2 } + a x + b$$ where \(a\) and \(b\) are constants. It is given that \(( x + 2 )\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\), and that the remainder is 35 when \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) is divided by \(( x - 3 )\).
  1. Find the values of \(a\) and \(b\).
  2. Hence factorise \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) and show that the equation \(\mathrm { p } ( x ) = 0\) has exactly one real root.
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Two unknowns, direct system

Both conditions give remainders directly, leading to a straightforward system of two equations in two unknowns without any intermediate 'show that' step.

2
0.6% of questions
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2. $$f ( x ) = x ^ { 4 } - x ^ { 3 } + 3 x ^ { 2 } + a x + b$$ where \(a\) and \(b\) are constants.
When \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by \(( x - 1 )\) the remainder is 4
When \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by \(( x + 2 )\) the remainder is 22
Find the value of \(a\) and the value of \(b\).
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Non-zero remainder condition

Questions where division by a linear expression gives a specified non-zero remainder, requiring the polynomial to equal that remainder value at a specific point.

1
0.3% of questions
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1 When the polynomial $$a x ^ { 3 } + 4 a x ^ { 2 } - 7 x - 5$$ is divided by \(( x + 2 )\), the remainder is 33 .
Find the value of the constant \(a\).
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Polynomial with parameter in coefficient

Questions where a constant appears as part of a coefficient expression (e.g., p+3 or p-15) requiring algebraic manipulation before solving simultaneous equations.

1
0.3% of questions
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5. $$f ( x ) = x ^ { 3 } + ( p + 3 ) x ^ { 2 } - x + q$$ where \(p\) and \(q\) are constants and \(p > 0\)
Given that ( \(x - 3\) ) is a factor of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\)
  1. show that $$9 p + q = - 51$$ Given also that when \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) is divided by ( \(x + p\) ) the remainder is 9
  2. show that $$3 p ^ { 2 } + p + q - 9 = 0$$
  3. Hence find the value of \(p\) and the value of \(q\).
  4. Hence find a quadratic expression \(\mathrm { g } ( x )\) such that $$f ( x ) = ( x - 3 ) g ( x )$$
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Multiple unknown constants

Given one factor of a polynomial with two or more unknown constants, express one constant in terms of another or find relationships between them using the factor theorem.

1
0.3% of questions
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1 The polynomial \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\) is defined by $$\mathrm { p } ( x ) = 4 x ^ { 3 } + ( k + 1 ) x ^ { 2 } - m x + 3 k$$ where \(k\) and \(m\) are constants. Given that \(( x + 1 )\) is a factor of \(\mathrm { p } ( x )\), express \(m\) in terms of \(k\).
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Sketch curve using polynomial roots

A question is this type if and only if you must sketch y = p(x) after finding roots and possibly turning points of the polynomial.

0
0.0% of questions
Solve p(trig(θ)) = 0

Questions where you solve p(sin θ) = 0, p(cos θ) = 0, or p(tan θ) = 0 by first solving p(x) = 0, then solving the resulting trigonometric equations for θ in a given interval.

0
0.0% of questions