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Edexcel D2 2014 June Q2
10 marks Moderate -0.3
2. (a) Explain the difference between the classical and the practical travelling salesperson problem.
ABCDEF
A-6548153040
B65-50513526
C4850-372034
D155137-1725
E30352017-14
F4026342514-
The table above shows the least distances, in km, between six towns, A, B, C, D, E and F. Keith needs to visit each town, starting and finishing at A , and wishes to minimise the total distance he will travel.
(b) Starting at A, use the nearest neighbour algorithm to obtain an upper bound. You must state your route and its length.
(c) Starting by deleting A, and all of its arcs, find a lower bound for the route length.
(d) Use your results to write down the smallest interval which you are confident contains the optimal length of the route.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q3
10 marks Moderate -0.5
3. A two-person zero-sum game is represented by the following pay-off matrix for player A.
B plays 1B plays 2B plays 3
A plays 1- 22- 3
A plays 211- 1
A plays 32- 11
  1. Starting by reducing player B's options, find the best strategy for player B.
  2. State the value of the game to player B.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q4
12 marks Moderate -0.5
4. The tableau below is the initial tableau for a three-variable linear programming problem in \(x , y\) and \(z\). The objective is to maximise the profit, \(P\).
Basic Variable\(x\)\(y\)\(z\)\(r\)\(s\)\(t\)Value
\(r\)43\(\frac { 5 } { 2 }\)10050
\(s\)12101030
\(t\)05100180
\(P\)- 25- 40- 350000
  1. Taking the most negative number in the profit row to indicate the pivot column at each stage, perform two complete iterations of the simplex algorithm to obtain tableau T. Make your method clear by stating the row operations you use.
  2. Write down the profit equation given by T .
  3. Use your answer to (b) to determine whether T is optimal, justifying your answer.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q5
13 marks Standard +0.8
5. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{d708ce08-4ea3-4a13-a39c-00efcde32c57-5_707_969_237_523} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 1}
\end{figure} Figure 1 shows a capacitated, directed network. The number on each arc represents the capacity of that arc. The numbers in circles represent an initial flow.
    1. Add a supersource, S , and a supersink, T , and corresponding arcs to Diagrams 1 and 2, in the answer book.
    2. Enter the flow value and appropriate capacity on each of the arcs you have added to Diagram 1.
  2. Complete the initialisation of the labelling procedure on Diagram 2 by entering values along the new arcs from \(S\) and \(T\), and along \(A B , A D\) and \(D _ { 2 }\).
  3. Hence use the labelling procedure to find a maximum flow through the network. You must list each flow-augmenting route you use, together with its flow.
  4. Draw a maximal flow pattern on Diagram 3 in the answer book.
  5. Prove that your flow is maximal.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q6
7 marks Moderate -0.8
6. Four workers, A, B, C and D, are to be assigned to four tasks, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Each worker must be assigned to just one task and each task must be done by just one worker. Worker C cannot do task 4 and worker D cannot do task 1. The cost of assigning each worker to each task is shown in the table below. The total cost is to be minimised.
1234
A29153230
B34264032
C282735-
D-213331
Formulate the above situation as a linear programming problem. You must define your decision variables and make the objective function and constraints clear.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q7
13 marks Moderate -0.5
7. Susie has hired a team of four workers who can make three types of toy. The total number of toys the team can produce will depend on which toys they make, and on how many workers are assigned to make each type of toy. The table shows how many of each toy would be made if different numbers of workers were assigned to make them. Each worker is to be assigned to make just one type of toy and all four workers are to be assigned. Susie wishes to maximise the total number of toys produced.
\cline { 3 - 7 } \multicolumn{2}{c|}{}Number of workers
\cline { 3 - 7 } \multicolumn{2}{c|}{}01234
\multirow{2}{*}{
T
O
Y
S
}		Bicycle080170260350
\cline { 2 - 7 }Dolls House095165245335
\cline { 2 - 7 }Train Set0100180260340
  1. Use dynamic programming to determine the allocation of workers which maximises the total number of toys made. You should show your working in the table provided in the answer book.
    (12)
  2. State the maximum total number of toys produced by this team.
    (1)
    (Total 13 marks)
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q1
10 marks Moderate -0.8
  1. Four workers, A, B, C and D, are to be assigned to four tasks, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Each worker must be assigned to just one task and each task must be done by just one worker.
Worker A cannot do task 4 and worker B cannot do task 2. The amount, in pounds, that each worker would earn if assigned to the tasks, is shown in the table below.
1234
A191623-
B24-3023
C18172518
D24242624
Reducing rows first, use the Hungarian algorithm to obtain an allocation that maximises the total earnings. You must make your method clear and show the table after each stage.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q2
10 marks Moderate -0.3
2. The table shows the least times, in seconds, that it takes a robot to travel between six points in an automated warehouse. These six points are an entrance, A , and five storage bins, \(\mathrm { B } , \mathrm { C } , \mathrm { D } , \mathrm { E }\) and F . The robot will start at A , visit each bin, and return to A . The total time taken for the robot's route is to be minimised.
ABCDEF
A-901308535125
B90-801008388
C13080-108106105
D85100108-11088
E3583106110-75
F125881058875-
  1. Show that there are two nearest neighbour routes that start from A . You must make the routes and their lengths clear.
  2. Starting by deleting F , and all of its arcs, find a lower bound for the time taken for the robot's route.
  3. Use your results to write down the smallest interval which you are confident contains the optimal time for the robot's route.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q3
12 marks Standard +0.3
3. The tableau below is the initial tableau for a three-variable linear programming problem in \(x , y\) and \(z\). The objective is to maximise the profit, \(P\).
Basic Variable\(x\)\(y\)\(z\)\(r\)\(s\)\(t\)Value
\(r\)53\(- \frac { 1 } { 2 }\)1002500
\(s\)3210101650
\(t\)\(\frac { 1 } { 2 }\)- 12001800
\(P\)- 40- 50- 350000
  1. Taking the most negative number in the profit row to indicate the pivot column at each stage, solve this linear programming problem. Make your method clear by stating the row operations you use.
  2. State the final values of the objective function and each variable.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q4
11 marks Challenging +1.2
4. A two-person zero-sum game is represented by the following pay-off matrix for player A.
B plays 1B plays 2B plays 3B plays 4
A plays 12- 11- 3
A plays 2- 32- 21
  1. Verify that there is no stable solution to this game.
  2. Find the best strategy for player A.
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q5
11 marks Moderate -0.8
5. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{76ea87ad-b77b-482c-93dd-c8593ae3199f-6_652_1340_214_367} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 1}
\end{figure} Figure 1 shows a capacitated, directed network. The number on each arc represents the capacity of that arc. The numbers in circles represent an initial flow.
  1. State the value of the initial flow.
    (1)
  2. Complete the initialisation of the labelling procedure on Diagram 1 in the answer book by entering values along \(\mathrm { SC } , \mathrm { AB } , \mathrm { CE } , \mathrm { DE }\) and DT .
    (2)
  3. Hence use the labelling procedure to find a maximum flow through the network. You must list each flow-augmenting route you use, together with its flow.
    (4)
  4. Draw a maximal flow pattern on Diagram 2 in the answer book.
    (2)
  5. Prove that your flow is maximal.
    (2)
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q6
7 marks Moderate -0.8
6. Three warehouses, \(\mathrm { P } , \mathrm { Q }\) and R , supply washing machines to four retailers, \(\mathrm { A } , \mathrm { B } , \mathrm { C }\) and D . The table gives the cost, in pounds, of transporting a washing machine from each warehouse to each retailer. It also shows the number of washing machines held at each warehouse and the number of washing machines required by each retailer. The total cost of transportation is to be minimised.
ABCDSupply
\(P\)1122131725
\(Q\)218191427
\(R\)151091228
Demand18162026
Formulate this transportation problem as a linear programming problem. You must define your decision variables and make the objective function and constraints clear.
You do not need to solve this problem.
(Total 7 marks)
Edexcel D2 2014 June Q7
14 marks Challenging +1.2
7. A company assembles microlight aircraft. They can assemble up to four aircraft in any one month, but if they assemble more than three they will have to hire additional space at a cost of \(\pounds 1000\) per month.
They can store up to two aircraft at a cost of \(\pounds 500\) each per month.
The overhead costs are \(\pounds 2000\) in any month in which work is done. Aircraft are delivered at the end of each month. There are no aircraft in stock at the beginning of March and there should be none in stock at the end of July.
The order book for aircraft is
MonthMarchAprilMayJuneJuly
Number ordered34243
Use dynamic programming to determine the production schedule which minimises the costs. Show your working in the table provided in the answer book and state the minimum production cost.
(Total 14 marks)
Edexcel D2 2015 June Q1
7 marks Moderate -0.8
  1. The tableau below is the initial tableau for a linear programming problem in \(x , y\) and \(z\). The objective is to maximise the profit, \(P\).
Basic variable\(x\)\(y\)\(z\)\(r\)\(s\)\(t\)Value
\(r\)2-4110015
\(s\)42-801020
\(t\)1-140018
\(P\)-3270000
  1. Perform one iteration of the Simplex algorithm to obtain a new tableau, \(T\). State the row operations you use.
    (5)
  2. Write down the profit equation given by \(T\) and state the current values of the slack variables.
Edexcel D2 2015 June Q2
16 marks Easy -1.8
2. Rani and Greg play a zero-sum game. The pay-off matrix shows the number of points that Rani scores for each combination of strategies.
Greg plays 1Greg plays 2Greg plays 3
Rani plays 1- 312
Rani plays 2021
Rani plays 324- 5
  1. Explain what the term 'zero-sum game' means.
  2. State the number of points that Greg scores if he plays his strategy 3 and Rani plays her strategy 3.
  3. Verify that there is no stable solution to this game.
  4. Reduce the game so that Greg has only two possible strategies. Write down the reduced pay-off matrix for Greg.
  5. Find the best strategy for Greg and the value of the game to him.
Edexcel D2 2015 June Q3
12 marks Standard +0.8
3.
ABCDEFG
A-\(x\)4143382130
B\(x\)-2738192951
C4127-24373540
D433824-445225
E38193744-2028
F2129355220-49
G305140252849-
The network represented by the table shows the least distances, in km, between seven theatres, A, \(\mathrm { B } , \mathrm { C } , \mathrm { D } , \mathrm { E } , \mathrm { F }\) and G . Jasmine needs to visit each theatre at least once starting and finishing at A. She wishes to minimise the total distance she travels. The least distance between A and B, is \(x \mathrm {~km}\), where \(21 < x < 27\)
  1. Using Prim's algorithm, starting at A , obtain a minimum spanning tree for the network. You should list the arcs in the order in which you consider them.
  2. Use your answer to (a) to determine an initial upper bound for the length of Jasmine's route.
  3. Use the nearest neighbour algorithm, starting at A , to find a second upper bound for the length of the route. The nearest neighbour algorithm starting at F gives a route of \(\mathrm { F } - \mathrm { E } - \mathrm { B } - \mathrm { A } - \mathrm { G } - \mathrm { D } - \mathrm { C } - \mathrm { F }\).
  4. State which of these two nearest neighbour routes gives the better upper bound. Give a reason for your answer. Starting by deleting A, and all of its arcs, a lower bound of 159 km for the length of the route is found.
  5. Find \(x\), making your method clear.
  6. Write down the smallest interval that you can be confident contains the optimal length of Jasmine's route. Give your answer as an inequality.
Edexcel D2 2015 June Q4
7 marks Standard +0.3
4. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{57c75bde-811a-421c-899a-3689bdba6724-5_837_1217_233_424} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 1}
\end{figure} Figure 1 shows a capacitated network. The capacity of each arc is shown on the arc. Two cuts \(\mathrm { C } _ { 1 }\) and \(\mathrm { C } _ { 2 }\) are shown.
  1. Find the capacity of each of the two cuts. Given that one of these two cuts is a minimum cut,
  2. write down the maximum possible flow through the network. Given that the network now has a maximal flow from S to T ,
  3. determine the flow along arc SB.
  4. Explain why arcs GF and GT cannot both be saturated. Given that arcs EC, AD and DF are saturated and that there is no flow along arc GF,
  5. determine a maximum flow pattern for this network and draw it on Diagram 1 in the answer book. You do not need to use the labelling procedure to determine the maximum flow.
Edexcel D2 2015 June Q5
17 marks Standard +0.3
5. The table shows the cost, in pounds, of transporting one unit of stock from each of four supply points, \(\mathrm { A } , \mathrm { B } , \mathrm { C }\) and D , to each of three sales points, \(\mathrm { P } , \mathrm { Q }\) and R . It also shows the stock held at each supply point and the amount required at each sales point. A minimum cost solution is required.
PQRSupply
A2051374
B715858
C9142163
D22161085
Demand1455778
The north-west corner method gives the following initial solution.
PQRSupply
A7474
B5858
C135063
D77885
Demand1455778
  1. Taking AQ as the entering cell, use the stepping stone method to find an improved solution. Make your route clear.
  2. Perform one further iteration of the stepping stone method to obtain an improved solution. You must make your method clear by stating your shadow costs, improvement indices, route, entering cell and exiting cell.
  3. Determine whether your current solution is optimal. Justify your answer.
  4. State the cost of the solution you found in (b).
  5. Formulate this problem as a linear programming problem. You must define your decision variables and make the objective function and constraints clear.
Edexcel D2 2015 June Q6
16 marks Standard +0.3
6. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{57c75bde-811a-421c-899a-3689bdba6724-7_614_1264_239_402} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 2}
\end{figure} The staged, directed network in Figure 2 represents a series of roads connecting 11 towns, \(\mathrm { S } , \mathrm { A }\), B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J and T. The number on each arc shows the weight limit, in tonnes, for the corresponding road. Janet needs to drive a truck from S to T, passing through exactly three other towns. She needs to find the maximum weight of the truck that she can use.
  1. Write down the type of dynamic programming problem that Janet needs to solve.
  2. Use dynamic programming to complete the table in the answer book.
  3. Hence find the maximum weight of the truck Janet can use.
  4. Write down the route that Janet should take. Janet intends to ask for the weight limit to be increased on one of the three roads leading directly into T. Janet wishes to maximise the weight of her truck.
    1. Determine which of the three roads she should choose and its new minimum weight limit.
    2. Write down the maximum weight of the truck she would be able to use and the new route she would take.
Edexcel D2 2016 June Q1
10 marks Moderate -0.3
  1. (a) Explain the difference between the classical travelling salesperson problem and the practical travelling salesperson problem.
ABCDEFG
A-311512241722
B31-2025142550
C1520-16241921
D122516-213217
E24142421-2841
F1725193228-25
G225021174125-
The table above shows the least direct distances, in miles, between seven towns, \(\mathrm { A } , \mathrm { B } , \mathrm { C } , \mathrm { D } , \mathrm { E } , \mathrm { F }\) and G. Yiyi needs to visit each town, starting and finishing at A, and wishes to minimise the total distance she will travel.
(b) Show that there are two nearest neighbour routes that start from A. State these routes and their lengths.
(c) Starting by deleting A, and all of its arcs, find a lower bound for the length of Yiyi's route.
(d) Use your results to write down the smallest interval which you can be confident contains the optimal length of Yiyi's route.
Edexcel D2 2016 June Q2
8 marks Easy -1.2
2. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{a12f9520-85c0-43f6-a104-2502011d5657-3_780_1155_246_461} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 1}
\end{figure} Figure 1 shows a capacitated, directed network of pipes. The number on each arc represents the capacity of the corresponding pipe. The numbers in circles represent an initial flow.
  1. List the saturated arcs.
  2. State the value of the initial flow.
  3. State the capacities of the cuts \(C _ { 1 }\) and \(C _ { 2 }\)
  4. By inspection, find a flow-augmenting route to increase the flow by three units. You must state your route.
  5. Prove that the new flow is maximal.
Edexcel D2 2016 June Q3
9 marks Moderate -0.5
3. Four pupils, Alexa, Ewan, Faith and Zak, are to be allocated to four rounds, 1, 2, 3 and 4, in a mathematics competition. Each pupil is to be allocated to exactly one round and each round must be allocated to exactly one pupil. Each pupil has been given a score, based on previous performance, to show how suitable they are for each round. The higher the score the more suitable the pupil is for that round. The scores for each pupil are shown in the table below.
1234
Alexa61504723
Ewan71622061
Faith70494849
Zak72686767
  1. Reducing rows first, use the Hungarian algorithm to obtain an allocation that maximises the total score. You must make your method clear and show the table after each stage.
    (8)
  2. State the maximum total score.
Edexcel D2 2016 June Q4
9 marks Moderate -0.5
4. A three-variable linear programming problem in \(x , y\) and \(z\) is to be solved. The objective is to maximise the profit, \(P\). The following tableau is obtained after the first iteration.
Basic Variable\(x\)\(y\)\(z\)\(r\)\(s\)\(t\)Value
r0521-3010
\(x\)12301018
\(t\)01-10413
\(P\)03-40107
  1. State which variable was increased first, giving a reason for your answer.
  2. Perform one complete iteration of the simplex algorithm, to obtain a new tableau, T. Make your method clear by stating the row operations you use.
  3. Write down the profit equation given by T .
  4. State whether T is optimal. You must use your answer to (c) to justify your answer.
Edexcel D2 2016 June Q5
12 marks Moderate -0.5
5. The table below shows the cost of transporting one unit of stock from each of four supply points, 1 , 2,3 and 4, to each of three demand points, A, B and C. It also shows the stock held at each supply point and the stock required at each demand point. A minimal cost solution is required.
ABCSupply
118232015
222172536
324211928
421221720
Demand402025
  1. Explain why it is necessary to add a dummy demand point.
  2. Add a dummy demand point and appropriate values to Table 1 in the answer book.
  3. Use the north-west corner method to obtain a possible solution. After one iteration of the stepping-stone method the table becomes
    ABCD
    115
    21917
    3325
    4614
  4. Taking D3 as the entering cell, use the stepping-stone method twice to obtain an improved solution. You must make your method clear by stating your shadow costs, improvement indices, routes, entering cells and exiting cells.
  5. Determine whether your solution from (d) is optimal. Justify your answer.
Edexcel D2 2016 June Q6
12 marks Standard +0.8
6. A two-person zero-sum game is represented by the following pay-off matrix for player A.
B plays 1B plays 2B plays 3
A plays 15- 31
A plays 2250
A plays 3- 4- 14
  1. Verify that there is no stable solution to this game.
  2. Formulate the game as a linear programming problem for player A. Define your variables clearly. Write the constraints as equations.
  3. Write down an initial simplex tableau, making your variables clear.