Questions — Edexcel D1 (480 questions)

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Edexcel D1 2024 January Q1
1. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{4814ebd7-f48a-49cf-8ca2-045d84abd63c-2_679_958_315_568} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 1}
\end{figure} A project is modelled by the activity network shown in Figure 1. The activities are represented by the arcs. The number in brackets on each arc gives the time, in hours, to complete the corresponding activity. Each activity requires one worker. The project is to be completed in the shortest possible time using as few workers as possible.
  1. Complete Diagram 1 in the answer book to show the early event times and the late event times.
  2. Calculate the total float for activity D. You must make the numbers used in your calculation clear.
  3. Calculate a lower bound for the minimum number of workers required to complete the project in the shortest possible time. You must show your working.
  4. Draw a cascade chart for this project on Grid 1 in the answer book.
  5. Use your cascade chart to determine the minimum number of workers needed to complete the project in the shortest possible time. You must make specific reference to time and activities. (You do not need to provide a schedule of the activities.)
Edexcel D1 2024 January Q2
2. \begin{table}[h]
ABCDEFGH
A-34293528303738
B34-322839403239
C2932-2733393431
D352827-35384136
E28393335-363340
F3040393836-3439
G373234413334-35
H38393136403935-
\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Table 1}
\end{table} Table 1 represents a network that shows the travel times, in minutes, between eight towns, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
  1. Use Prim's algorithm, starting at A , to find the minimum spanning tree for this network. You must clearly state the order in which you select the edges of your tree.
  2. State the weight of the minimum spanning tree. \begin{table}[h]
    \cline { 2 - 9 } \multicolumn{1}{c|}{}ABCDEFGH
    J33374135\(x\)402842
    \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Table 2}
    \end{table} Table 2 shows the travel times, in minutes, between town J and towns A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H .
    The journey time between towns E and J is \(x\) minutes where \(x > 28\)
    A salesperson needs to visit all of the nine towns, starting and finishing at J. The salesperson wishes to minimise the total time spent travelling.
  3. Starting at J, use the nearest neighbour algorithm to find an upper bound for the duration of the salesperson's route. Write down the route that gives this upper bound. Using the nearest neighbour algorithm, starting at E, an upper bound of 291 minutes for the salesperson's route was found.
  4. State the best upper bound that can be obtained by using this information and your answer to (c). Give the reason for your answer. Starting by deleting J and all of its arcs, a lower bound of 264 minutes for the duration of the salesperson's route was found.
  5. Determine the value of \(x\). You must make your method and working clear.
Edexcel D1 2024 January Q3
3. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{4814ebd7-f48a-49cf-8ca2-045d84abd63c-4_677_1100_212_479} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 2}
\end{figure} [The total weight of the network is 458] Figure 2 represents a network of roads between nine towns, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and J. The number on each edge represents the length, in kilometres, of the corresponding road.
    1. Use Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest path from A to J.
    2. State the length of the shortest path from A to J . The roads between the towns must be inspected. Claude must travel along each road at least once. Claude will start the inspection route at A and finish at J. Claude wishes to minimise the length of the inspection route.
  1. By considering the pairings of all relevant nodes, find the length of Claude's route. State the arcs that will need to be traversed twice. If Claude does not start the inspection route at A and finish at J, a shorter inspection route is possible.
  2. Determine the two towns at which Claude should start and finish so that the route has minimum length. Give a reason for your answer and state the length of this route.
Edexcel D1 2024 January Q4
4.
ActivityImmediately preceding activities
A-
B-
CA, B
DA, B
EB
FC, D, E
GF
HB
IF
JF
KG
LG, H, I, J
MG, I
  1. Draw the activity network described in the precedence table, using activity on arc and the minimum number of dummies.
  2. Given that
    • the activity network contains only one critical path
    • activity E is on this critical path
      state
      1. which activities could never be critical,
      2. which activities must be critical.
Edexcel D1 2024 January Q5
5. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{4814ebd7-f48a-49cf-8ca2-045d84abd63c-6_883_986_219_552} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 3}
\end{figure} Figure 3 shows the constraints of a linear programming problem in \(x\) and \(y\). The unshaded area, including its boundaries, forms the feasible region, \(R\). The four vertices of \(R\) are \(A ( 6,8 ) , B ( 13,12 ) , C ( 9,22 )\) and \(D ( 5,18 )\).
An objective line has been drawn and labelled on the graph.
When the objective function, \(P\), is maximised, the value of \(P\) is 540
When the objective function, \(P\), is minimised, the value of \(P\) is \(k\)
Determine the value of \(k\). You must make your method and working clear.
(You may assume that the objective function, \(P\), takes the form \(a x + b y\) where \(a\) and \(b\) are constants.)
Edexcel D1 2024 January Q6
6. The twelve numbers in the list below are to be packed into bins of size \(n\), where \(n\) is a positive integer.
28315251635182211271513
When the first-fit bin packing algorithm is applied to the list, the following allocation is obtained. Bin 1: 28315
Bin 2: 25161811
Bin 3: 352215
Bin 4: 2713
  1. Based on the packing shown above, determine the possible values of \(n\). You must give reasons for your answer.
  2. The original list of twelve numbers is to be sorted into ascending order. Use a quick sort to obtain the sorted list. You should show the result of each pass and identify your pivots clearly. When the first-fit decreasing bin packing algorithm is applied to the list, the following allocation is obtained. Bin 1: 35315
    Bin 2: 282716
    Bin 3: 252218
    Bin 4: 151311
  3. Determine the value of \(n\). You must give a reason for your answer.
Edexcel D1 2024 January Q7
7. A farmer has 100 acres of land available that can be used for planting three crops: A, B and C . It takes 2 hours to plant each acre of crop A, 1.5 hours to plant each acre of crop B and 45 minutes to plant each acre of crop C . The farmer has 138 hours available for planting. At least one quarter of the total crops planted must be crop A.
For every three acres of crop B planted, at most five acres of crop C will be planted.
The farmer expects a profit of \(\pounds 160\) for each acre of crop A planted, \(\pounds 75\) for each acre of crop B planted and \(\pounds 125\) for each acre of crop C planted. The farmer wishes to maximise the profit from planting these three crops.
Let \(x , y\) and \(z\) represent the number of acres of land used for planting crop A, crop B, and crop C respectively.
  1. Formulate this information as a linear programming problem. State the objective, and list the constraints as simplified inequalities with integer coefficients. The farmer decides that all 100 acres of available land will be used for planting the three crops.
  2. Explain why the maximum total profit is achieved when \(- 7 x + 10 y\) is minimised. The farmer's decision to use all 100 acres reduces the constraints of the problem to the following: $$\begin{aligned} x & \geqslant 25
    3 x + 8 y & \geqslant 300
    x + y & \leqslant 100
    5 x + 3 y & \leqslant 252
    y & \geqslant 0 \end{aligned}$$
  3. Represent these constraints on Diagram 1 in the answer book. Hence determine, and label, the feasible region, \(R\).
    1. Determine the exact coordinates of each of the vertices of \(R\).
    2. Apply the vertex method to determine how the 100 acres should be used for planting the three crops.
    3. Hence find the corresponding maximum expected profit.
Edexcel D1 2014 June Q1
1. \begin{displayquote} McCANN
SMITH
QUAGLIA
CONGDON
EVES
PATEL
BUSH
FOX
OSBORNE
  1. Use a quick sort to produce a list of these names in alphabetical order. You must make your pivots clear.
  2. Use the binary search algorithm on your list to locate the name PATEL. State the number of iterations you use. \end{displayquote} The binary search algorithm is to be used to search for a name in an alphabetical list of 641 names.
  3. Find the maximum number of iterations needed, justifying your answer.
Edexcel D1 2014 June Q2
2. (a) (i) Define the term complete matching.
(ii) Explain the difference between a complete matching and a maximal matching.
(3) \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{4609ffb5-d270-4ff3-aa44-af8442a38b66-3_732_563_434_376} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 1}
\end{figure} \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{4609ffb5-d270-4ff3-aa44-af8442a38b66-3_739_563_429_1117} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 2}
\end{figure} Figure 1 shows the possible allocations of dancing partners for the Truly Come Ballroom dancing competition. Six women, Annie (A), Bella (B), Chloe (C), Danika (D), Ella (E) and Faith (F), are to be paired with six men, Kieran (K), Lucas (L), Michael (M), Nasir (N), Oliver (O) and Paul (P). Figure 2 shows an initial matching.
(b) Use the maximum matching algorithm once to find an improved matching. You must state the alternating path you use and list your improved matching.
(3) After dance practice, it is decided that Bella could also be paired with Kieran, and Danika could also be paired with Nasir.
(c) Starting with your improved matching from part (b), use the maximum matching algorithm to obtain a complete matching. You must state the alternating path you use and list your final matching.
Edexcel D1 2014 June Q3
3. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{4609ffb5-d270-4ff3-aa44-af8442a38b66-4_591_1581_239_258} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 3}
\end{figure} Figure 3 shows a network representing the time taken, in minutes, to travel by train between nine towns, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and T. A train is to travel from A to T without stopping.
  1. Use Dijkstra's algorithm to find the quickest route from A to T and the time taken.
    (6) At present, the train travels from A to T via F without stopping.
  2. Use your answer to (a) to find the quickest route from A to T via F and the time taken.
    (2) A train is to travel from A to T , stopping for 2 minutes at each town it passes through on its route.
  3. Explain how you would adapt the network so that you could use Dijkstra's algorithm to find the quickest route for this train. You do not need to find this route.
    (2)
Edexcel D1 2014 June Q4
4. (a) State three differences between Prim's algorithm and Kruskal's algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree.
(3) \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{4609ffb5-d270-4ff3-aa44-af8442a38b66-5_864_1073_386_497} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 4}
\end{figure} [The total weight of the network is 341]
(b) Use Prim's algorithm, starting at D , to find a minimum spanning tree for the network shown in Figure 4. You must list the arcs in the order in which you select them.
(3) Figure 4 models a network of school corridors. The number on each arc represents the length, in metres, of that corridor. The school caretaker needs to inspect each corridor in the school to check that the fire alarms are working correctly. He wants to find a route of minimum length that traverses each corridor at least once and starts and finishes at his office, D.
(c) Use the route inspection algorithm to find the corridors that will need to be traversed twice. You must make your method and working clear. The caretaker now decides to start his inspection at G. His route must still traverse each corridor at least once but he does not need to finish at G.
(d) Determine the finishing point so that the length of his route is minimised. You must give reasons for your answer and state the length of his route.
(3)
Edexcel D1 2014 June Q5
5. Michael and his team are making toys to give to children at a summer fair. They make two types of toy, a soft toy and a craft set. Let \(x\) be the number of soft toys they make and \(y\) be the number of craft sets they make.
Each soft toy costs \(\pounds 3\) to make and each craft set costs \(\pounds 5\) to make. Michael and his team have a budget of \(\pounds 1000\) to spend on making the toys for the summer fair.
  1. Write down an inequality, in terms of \(x\) and \(y\), to model this constraint. Two further constraints are: $$\begin{gathered} y \leqslant 2 x
    4 y - x \geqslant 210 \end{gathered}$$
  2. Add lines and shading to Diagram 1 in the answer book to represent all of these constraints. Hence determine the feasible region and label it R . Michael's objective is to make as many toys as possible.
  3. State the objective function.
  4. Determine the exact coordinates of each of the vertices of the feasible region, and hence use the vertex method to find the optimal number of soft toys and craft sets Michael and his team should make. You should make your method clear.
Edexcel D1 2014 June Q6
6. (a) Draw the activity network described in this precedence table, using activity on arc and dummies only where necessary.
ActivityImmediately preceding activities
A-
B-
C-
DB, C
EA
FC
GD, E
HD, E
I\(F , G\)
JC
K\(G , H\)
(b) Explain the possible reasons dummies may be needed in activity networks.
Edexcel D1 2014 June Q7
7. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{4609ffb5-d270-4ff3-aa44-af8442a38b66-8_499_1319_191_383} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 5}
\end{figure} A company models a project by the activity network shown in Figure 5. The activities are represented by the arcs. The number in brackets on each arc gives the time, in days, to complete the activity. Each activity requires exactly one worker. The project is to be completed in the shortest possible time.
  1. Add early and late event times to Diagram 1 in the answer book.
  2. State the critical path and its length.
  3. On Diagram 2 in the answer book, construct a cascade (Gantt) chart.
  4. By using your cascade chart, state which activities must be happening at
    1. time 7.5
    2. time 16.5 It is decided that the company may use up to 25 days to complete the project.
  5. On Diagram 3 in the answer book, construct a scheduling diagram to show how this project can be completed within 25 days using as few workers as possible.
Edexcel D1 2015 June Q1
1. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{6417303d-c42a-4da4-b0fa-fb7718959417-2_686_1408_342_333} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 1}
\end{figure} Figure 1 represents a network of roads. The number on each arc gives the length, in km , of the corresponding road.
  1. Use Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest distance from S to G . State the shortest route.
  2. State both the shortest distance and the shortest route from S to H .
Edexcel D1 2015 June Q2
2. A list of \(n\) numbers needs to be sorted into descending order starting at the left-hand end of the list.
  1. Describe how to carry out the first pass of a bubble sort on the numbers in the list.
    1. State which number in the list is guaranteed to be in the correct final position after the first pass.
    2. Write down the maximum number of passes required to sort a list of \(n\) numbers.
  2. The numbers below are to be sorted into descending order. Use a bubble sort, starting at the left-hand end of the list, to obtain the sorted list. You need only give the state of the list after each pass. $$\begin{array} { l l l l l l l l l } 11 & 9 & 4 & 13 & 5 & 1 & 7 & 12 & 8 \end{array}$$
  3. Apply the first-fit decreasing bin packing algorithm to your ordered list to pack the numbers into bins of size 21
Edexcel D1 2015 June Q3
3. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{6417303d-c42a-4da4-b0fa-fb7718959417-4_591_1365_239_360} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 2}
\end{figure} Figure 2 shows a graph G.
  1. Write down an example of a cycle on G.
    (1)
  2. State, with a reason, whether or not \(\mathrm { P } - \mathrm { Q } - \mathrm { R } - \mathrm { T } - \mathrm { Q } - \mathrm { S }\) is an example of a path on G .
    (2) \begin{figure}[h]
    \includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{6417303d-c42a-4da4-b0fa-fb7718959417-4_618_1406_1336_340} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 3}
    \end{figure} The numbers on the \(14 \operatorname { arcs }\) in Figure 3 represent the distances, in km , between eight vertices, \(\mathrm { P } , \mathrm { Q }\), \(\mathrm { R } , \mathrm { S } , \mathrm { T } , \mathrm { U } , \mathrm { V }\) and W , in a network.
  3. Use Prim's algorithm, starting at P , to find the minimum spanning tree for the network. You must clearly state the order in which you select the arcs of your tree.
  4. Use Kruskal's algorithm to find the minimum spanning tree for the network. You should list the arcs in the order in which you consider them. In each case, state whether you are adding the arc to the minimum spanning tree.
  5. Draw the minimum spanning tree using the vertices given in Diagram 1 in the answer book. The weight on arc RU is now increased to a value of \(x\). The minimum spanning tree for the network is still unique and includes the same arcs as those found in (e).
  6. Write down the smallest interval that must contain \(x\).
Edexcel D1 2015 June Q4
4. (a) Define the term 'alternating path'. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{6417303d-c42a-4da4-b0fa-fb7718959417-6_469_647_315_708} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 4}
\end{figure} Figure 4 shows the possible allocations of five people, \(\mathrm { A } , \mathrm { B } , \mathrm { C } , \mathrm { D }\) and E , to five tasks, \(1,2,3,4\) and 5 An initial matching has three people allocated to three of the tasks.
Starting from this initial matching, one possible alternating path that starts at E is $$E - 2 = B - 3 = A - 4 = D - 1$$ (b) Use this information to
  1. deduce this initial matching,
  2. list the improved matching generated by the given alternating path.
    (c) Starting from the improved matching found in (b), use the maximum matching algorithm to obtain a complete matching. You must list the alternating path you use and the final matching.
Edexcel D1 2015 June Q5
5. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{6417303d-c42a-4da4-b0fa-fb7718959417-7_778_1369_239_354} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 5}
\end{figure} \section*{[The total weight of the network is 214]} Figure 5 models a network of canals that have to be inspected. The number on each arc represents the length, in km , of the corresponding canal. Priya needs to travel along each canal at least once and wishes to minimise the length of her inspection route. She must start and finish at A .
  1. Use the route inspection algorithm to find the length of her route. State the arcs that will need to be traversed twice. You should make your method and working clear.
    (6)
  2. State the number of times that vertex F would appear in Priya's route.
    (1) It is now decided to start the inspection route at H . The route must still travel along each canal at least once but may finish at any vertex.
  3. Determine the finishing point so that the length of the route is minimised. You must give reasons for your answer and state the length of the minimum route.
    (3)
Edexcel D1 2015 June Q6
6. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{6417303d-c42a-4da4-b0fa-fb7718959417-8_1180_1572_207_251} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 6}
\end{figure} [The sum of the durations of all the activities is 142 days]
A project is modelled by the activity network shown in Figure 6. The activities are represented by the arcs. The number in brackets on each arc gives the time, in days, to complete the activity. Each activity requires one worker. The project is to be completed in the shortest possible time.
  1. Complete the precedence table in the answer book.
  2. Complete Diagram 1 in the answer book to show the early event times and late event times.
  3. Calculate the total float for activity D. You must make the numbers you use in your calculation clear.
  4. Calculate a lower bound for the number of workers needed to complete the project in the minimum time. You must show your working. Diagram 2 in the answer book shows a partly completed scheduling diagram for this project.
  5. Complete the scheduling diagram, using the minimum number of workers, so that the project is completed in the minimum time.
Edexcel D1 2015 June Q7
7. Ian plans to produce two types of book, hardbacks and paperbacks. He will use linear programming to determine the number of each type of book he should produce. Let \(x\) represent the number of hardbacks Ian will produce. Let \(y\) represent the number of paperbacks Ian will produce. Each hardback takes 1 hour to print and 15 minutes to bind.
Each paperback takes 35 minutes to print and 24 minutes to bind.
The printing machine must be used for at least 14 hours. The binding machine must be used for at most 8 hours.
    1. Show that the printing time restriction leads to the constraint \(12 x + 7 y \geqslant k\), where \(k\) is a constant to be determined.
    2. Write the binding time restriction in a similar simplified form. Ian decides to produce at most twice as many hardbacks as paperbacks.
  1. Write down an inequality to model this constraint in terms of \(x\) and \(y\).
  2. Add lines and shading to Diagram 1 in the answer book to represent the constraints found in (a) and (b). Hence determine, and label, the feasible region R. Ian wishes to maximise \(\mathrm { P } = 60 x + 36 y\), where P is the total profit in pounds.
    1. Use the objective line (ruler) method to find the optimal vertex, V, of the feasible region. You must draw and clearly label your objective line and the vertex V .
    2. Determine the exact coordinates of V. You must show your working.
  3. Given that P is Ian's expected total profit, in pounds, find the number of each type of book that he should produce and his maximum expected profit.
Edexcel D1 2016 June Q1
1. $$\begin{array} { l l l l l l l l l } 4.2 & 1.8 & 3.1 & 1.3 & 4.0 & 4.1 & 3.7 & 2.3 & 2.7 \end{array}$$
  1. Use the first-fit bin packing algorithm to determine how the numbers listed above can be packed into bins of size 7.8
  2. Determine whether the number of bins used in (a) is optimal. Give a reason for your answer.
  3. The list of numbers is to be sorted into ascending order. Use a quick sort to obtain the sorted list. You should show the result of each pass and identify your pivots clearly. \begin{figure}[h]
    \includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{049de386-42a9-4f16-8be3-9324382e4988-02_586_1356_906_358} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 1}
    \end{figure}
  4. Use Kruskal's algorithm to find a minimum spanning tree for the network in Figure 1. You must show clearly the order in which you consider the arcs. For each arc, state whether or not you are including it in your minimum spanning tree. A new spanning tree is required which includes the arcs AB and DE , and which has the lowest possible total weight.
  5. Explain why Prim's algorithm could not be used to complete the tree.
Edexcel D1 2016 June Q2
2. Six film critics, Bronwen (B), Greg (G), Jean (J), Mick (M), Renee (R) and Susan (S), must see six films, \(1,2,3,4,5\) and 6 . Each critic must attend a different film and each critic needs to be allocated to exactly one film. The critics are asked which films they would prefer and their preferences are given in the table below.
CriticPreference
B\(2,3,6\)
G1
J\(2,5,6\)
M1,5
R\(2,4,6\)
S3,5
  1. Using Diagram 1 in the answer book, draw a bipartite graph to show the possible allocations of critics to their preferred films. \begin{figure}[h]
    \includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{049de386-42a9-4f16-8be3-9324382e4988-03_616_524_1114_767} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 2}
    \end{figure} Figure 2 shows an initial matching.
  2. Starting from the given initial matching, apply the maximum matching algorithm to find an alternating path from G to 3 . Hence find an improved matching. You should list the alternating path that you use, and state your improved matching.
    (3)
  3. Starting with the improved matching found in (b), apply the maximum matching algorithm to obtain a complete matching. You should list the alternating path that you use, and state your complete matching.
Edexcel D1 2016 June Q3
3. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{049de386-42a9-4f16-8be3-9324382e4988-04_1684_1492_194_283} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 3}
\end{figure} Figure 3 shows the constraints of a linear programming problem in \(x\) and \(y\), where \(R\) is the feasible region. The equations of two of the lines have been given.
  1. Determine the inequalities that define the feasible region.
  2. Find the exact coordinates of the vertices of the feasible region. The objective is to maximise \(P\), where \(P = k x + y\).
  3. For the case \(k = 2\), use point testing to find the optimal vertex of the feasible region.
  4. For the case \(k = 2.5\), find the set of points for which \(P\) takes its maximum value.
Edexcel D1 2016 June Q4
4. (a) Draw the activity network described in the precedence table below, using activity on arc and the minimum number of dummies.
ActivityImmediately preceding activities
A-
B-
C-
DA
EA
FA, B, C
GC
HE, F, G
IE, F, G
JH, I
KH, I
LD, J
A project is modelled by the activity network drawn in (a). Each activity requires one worker. The project is to be completed in the shortest possible time. The table below gives the time, in days, to complete some of the activities.
ActivityDuration (in days)
B7
F4
J4
L6
The critical activities for the project are B, F, I, J and L and the length of the critical path is 30 days.
(b) Calculate the duration of activity I.
(c) Find the range of possible values for the duration of activity K .