CAIE FP1 2015 June — Question 11 EITHER

Exam BoardCAIE
ModuleFP1 (Further Pure Mathematics 1)
Year2015
SessionJune
PaperDownload PDF ↗
Mark schemeDownload PDF ↗
TopicSecond order differential equations
TypeSolve via substitution then back-substitute
DifficultyChallenging +1.3 This is a structured Further Maths question with clear guidance (substitution given, verification required, then solve). The algebraic manipulation to verify the substitution is moderately involved but systematic, and solving the resulting second-order linear ODE with constant coefficients is a standard FP1 technique. The back-substitution and application of initial conditions adds some complexity but follows established procedures.
Spec4.10e Second order non-homogeneous: complementary + particular integral

Show that the substitution \(v = \frac { 1 } { y }\) reduces the differential equation $$\frac { 2 } { y ^ { 3 } } \left( \frac { \mathrm {~d} y } { \mathrm {~d} x } \right) ^ { 2 } - \frac { 1 } { y ^ { 2 } } \frac { \mathrm {~d} ^ { 2 } y } { \mathrm {~d} x ^ { 2 } } - \frac { 2 } { y ^ { 2 } } \frac { \mathrm {~d} y } { \mathrm {~d} x } + \frac { 5 } { y } = 17 + 6 x - 5 x ^ { 2 }$$ to the differential equation $$\frac { \mathrm { d } ^ { 2 } v } { \mathrm {~d} x ^ { 2 } } + 2 \frac { \mathrm {~d} v } { \mathrm {~d} x } + 5 v = 17 + 6 x - 5 x ^ { 2 }$$ Hence find \(y\) in terms of \(x\), given that when \(x = 0 , y = \frac { 1 } { 2 }\) and \(\frac { \mathrm { d } y } { \mathrm {~d} x } = - 1\).

Question 11(e):
Substitution derivative:
AnswerMarks Guidance
\(\frac{dv}{dx} = -\frac{1}{y^2}\frac{dy}{dx}\)B1
Second derivative:
AnswerMarks Guidance
\(\frac{d^2v}{dx^2} = -\frac{1}{y^2}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2\frac{d^2y}{dy^2} = -\frac{1}{y^2}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + \frac{2}{y^3}\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2\)M1A1
Transformed equation:
AnswerMarks Guidance
\(\frac{2}{y^3}\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{y^2}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} - \frac{2}{y^2}\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{5}{y} = 17 + 6x - 5x^2 \sim \frac{d^2v}{dx^2} + 2\frac{dv}{dx} + 5v = 17 + 6x - 5x^2\)A1 (4) (AG)
Auxiliary equation and CF:
AnswerMarks Guidance
\(m^2 + 2m + 5 = 0 \Rightarrow m = -1 \pm 2i \Rightarrow CF: e^{-x}(A\cos 2x + B\sin 2x)\)M1A1
Particular Integral:
AnswerMarks Guidance
\(v = px^2 + qx + r \Rightarrow v' = 2px + q \Rightarrow v'' = 2p\)M1
Equate coefficients: \(5p = -5\), \(4p + 5q = 6\), \(2p + 2q + 5r = 17\)M1
\(p = -1\), \(q = 2\), \(r = 3\)A1
General solution:
AnswerMarks Guidance
\(v = e^{-x}(A\cos 2x + B\sin 2x) + 3 + 2x - x^2\)A1
Applying initial conditions:
AnswerMarks Guidance
When \(x = 0\): \(y = \frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow v = 2\) and \(\frac{dy}{dx} = -1 \Rightarrow \frac{dv}{dx} = 4\)
\(2 = A + 3 \Rightarrow A = -1\)B1
\(v' = e^{-x}(-2A\sin 2x + 2B\cos 2x) - e^{-x}(A\cos 2x + B\sin 2x)\)M1
\(4 = 2B + 1 + 2 \Rightarrow 2B = 1 \Rightarrow B = \frac{1}{2}\)A1
Final answer:
AnswerMarks Guidance
\(y = \left[e^{-x}\left(\frac{1}{2}\sin 2x - \cos 2x\right) + 3 + 2x - x^2\right]^{-1}\)A1 (10), Total: 14
# Question 11(e):

**Substitution derivative:**
$\frac{dv}{dx} = -\frac{1}{y^2}\frac{dy}{dx}$ | B1 | —

**Second derivative:**
$\frac{d^2v}{dx^2} = -\frac{1}{y^2}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2\frac{d^2y}{dy^2} = -\frac{1}{y^2}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + \frac{2}{y^3}\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2$ | M1A1 | —

**Transformed equation:**
$\frac{2}{y^3}\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2 - \frac{1}{y^2}\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} - \frac{2}{y^2}\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{5}{y} = 17 + 6x - 5x^2 \sim \frac{d^2v}{dx^2} + 2\frac{dv}{dx} + 5v = 17 + 6x - 5x^2$ | A1 (4) | (AG)

**Auxiliary equation and CF:**
$m^2 + 2m + 5 = 0 \Rightarrow m = -1 \pm 2i \Rightarrow CF: e^{-x}(A\cos 2x + B\sin 2x)$ | M1A1 | —

**Particular Integral:**
$v = px^2 + qx + r \Rightarrow v' = 2px + q \Rightarrow v'' = 2p$ | M1 | —

Equate coefficients: $5p = -5$, $4p + 5q = 6$, $2p + 2q + 5r = 17$ | M1 | —

$p = -1$, $q = 2$, $r = 3$ | A1 | —

**General solution:**
$v = e^{-x}(A\cos 2x + B\sin 2x) + 3 + 2x - x^2$ | A1 | —

**Applying initial conditions:**
When $x = 0$: $y = \frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow v = 2$ and $\frac{dy}{dx} = -1 \Rightarrow \frac{dv}{dx} = 4$ | — | —

$2 = A + 3 \Rightarrow A = -1$ | B1 | —

$v' = e^{-x}(-2A\sin 2x + 2B\cos 2x) - e^{-x}(A\cos 2x + B\sin 2x)$ | M1 | —

$4 = 2B + 1 + 2 \Rightarrow 2B = 1 \Rightarrow B = \frac{1}{2}$ | A1 | —

**Final answer:**
$y = \left[e^{-x}\left(\frac{1}{2}\sin 2x - \cos 2x\right) + 3 + 2x - x^2\right]^{-1}$ | A1 (10), **Total: 14** | —

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Show that the substitution $v = \frac { 1 } { y }$ reduces the differential equation

$$\frac { 2 } { y ^ { 3 } } \left( \frac { \mathrm {~d} y } { \mathrm {~d} x } \right) ^ { 2 } - \frac { 1 } { y ^ { 2 } } \frac { \mathrm {~d} ^ { 2 } y } { \mathrm {~d} x ^ { 2 } } - \frac { 2 } { y ^ { 2 } } \frac { \mathrm {~d} y } { \mathrm {~d} x } + \frac { 5 } { y } = 17 + 6 x - 5 x ^ { 2 }$$

to the differential equation

$$\frac { \mathrm { d } ^ { 2 } v } { \mathrm {~d} x ^ { 2 } } + 2 \frac { \mathrm {~d} v } { \mathrm {~d} x } + 5 v = 17 + 6 x - 5 x ^ { 2 }$$

Hence find $y$ in terms of $x$, given that when $x = 0 , y = \frac { 1 } { 2 }$ and $\frac { \mathrm { d } y } { \mathrm {~d} x } = - 1$.

\hfill \mbox{\textit{CAIE FP1 2015 Q11 EITHER}}