Solve trigonometric equation via iteration

A question is this type if and only if it involves finding roots of equations containing trigonometric functions using an iterative formula.

14 questions · Standard +0.3

1.09c Simple iterative methods: x_{n+1} = g(x_n), cobweb and staircase diagrams
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CAIE P3 2004 November Q5
8 marks Standard +0.3
5 \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{8c533469-393c-4e4c-a6ec-eab1303741e7-2_385_476_1653_836} The diagram shows a sector \(O A B\) of a circle with centre \(O\) and radius \(r\). The angle \(A O B\) is \(\alpha\) radians, where \(0 < \alpha < \frac { 1 } { 2 } \pi\). The point \(N\) on \(O A\) is such that \(B N\) is perpendicular to \(O A\). The area of the triangle \(O N B\) is half the area of the sector \(O A B\).
  1. Show that \(\alpha\) satisfies the equation \(\sin 2 x = x\).
  2. By sketching a suitable pair of graphs, show that this equation has exactly one root in the interval \(0 < x < \frac { 1 } { 2 } \pi\).
  3. Use the iterative formula $$x _ { n + 1 } = \sin \left( 2 x _ { n } \right)$$ with initial value \(x _ { 1 } = 1\), to find \(\alpha\) correct to 2 decimal places, showing the result of each iteration.
CAIE P3 2013 November Q6
8 marks Challenging +1.2
6 \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{dd7b2aee-4318-48e8-97c0-541e47f2e83a-2_551_567_1416_788} In the diagram, \(A\) is a point on the circumference of a circle with centre \(O\) and radius \(r\). A circular arc with centre \(A\) meets the circumference at \(B\) and \(C\). The angle \(O A B\) is \(\theta\) radians. The shaded region is bounded by the circumference of the circle and the arc with centre \(A\) joining \(B\) and \(C\). The area of the shaded region is equal to half the area of the circle.
  1. Show that \(\cos 2 \theta = \frac { 2 \sin 2 \theta - \pi } { 4 \theta }\).
  2. Use the iterative formula $$\theta _ { n + 1 } = \frac { 1 } { 2 } \cos ^ { - 1 } \left( \frac { 2 \sin 2 \theta _ { n } - \pi } { 4 \theta _ { n } } \right)$$ with initial value \(\theta _ { 1 } = 1\), to determine \(\theta\) correct to 2 decimal places, showing the result of each iteration to 4 decimal places. \(7 \quad\) Let \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = \frac { 2 x ^ { 2 } - 7 x - 1 } { ( x - 2 ) \left( x ^ { 2 } + 3 \right) }\).
  3. Express \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) in partial fractions.
  4. Hence obtain the expansion of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) in ascending powers of \(x\), up to and including the term in \(x ^ { 2 }\).
CAIE P3 2023 November Q6
7 marks Standard +0.3
6
  1. By sketching a suitable pair of graphs, show that the equation $$\cot x = 2 - \cos x$$ has one root in the interval \(0 < x \leqslant \frac { 1 } { 2 } \pi\).
  2. Show by calculation that this root lies between 0.6 and 0.8 .
  3. Use the iterative formula \(x _ { n + 1 } = \tan ^ { - 1 } \left( \frac { 1 } { 2 - \cos x _ { n } } \right)\) to determine the root correct to 2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal places.
Edexcel P3 2020 January Q7
11 marks Standard +0.3
7. \begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{1c700103-ecab-4a08-b411-3f445ed88885-22_707_1047_264_463} \captionsetup{labelformat=empty} \caption{Figure 3}
\end{figure} Figure 3 shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation $$y = 2 \cos 3 x - 3 x + 4 \quad x > 0$$ where \(x\) is measured in radians. The curve crosses the \(x\)-axis at the point \(P\), as shown in Figure 3.
Given that the \(x\) coordinate of \(P\) is \(\alpha\),
  1. show that \(\alpha\) lies between 0.8 and 0.9 The iteration formula $$x _ { n + 1 } = \frac { 1 } { 3 } \arccos \left( 1.5 x _ { n } - 2 \right)$$ can be used to find an approximate value for \(\alpha\).
  2. Using this iteration formula with \(x _ { 1 } = 0.8\) find, to 4 decimal places, the value of
    1. \(X _ { 2 }\)
    2. \(X _ { 5 }\) The point \(Q\) and the point \(R\) are local minimum points on the curve, as shown in Figure 3.
      Given that the \(x\) coordinates of \(Q\) and \(R\) are \(\beta\) and \(\lambda\) respectively, and that they are the two smallest values of \(x\) at which local minima occur,
  3. find, using calculus, the exact value of \(\beta\) and the exact value of \(\lambda\).
Edexcel C34 2019 January Q11
6 marks Standard +0.3
11. (a) Given that \(0 \leqslant \mathrm { f } ( x ) \leqslant \pi\), sketch the graph of \(y = \mathrm { f } ( x )\) where $$\mathrm { f } ( x ) = \arccos ( x - 1 ) , \quad 0 \leqslant x \leqslant 2$$ The equation \(\arccos ( x - 1 ) - \tan x = 0\) has a single root \(\alpha\).
(b) Show that \(0.9 < \alpha < 1.1\) The iteration formula $$x _ { n + 1 } = \arctan \left( \arccos \left( x _ { n } - 1 \right) \right)$$ can be used to find an approximation for \(\alpha\).
(c) Taking \(x _ { 0 } = 1.1\) find, to 3 decimal places, the values of \(x _ { 1 }\) and \(x _ { 2 }\)
Edexcel C3 2014 January Q1
7 marks Moderate -0.3
1. $$f ( x ) = \sec x + 3 x - 2 , \quad - \frac { \pi } { 2 } < x < \frac { \pi } { 2 }$$
  1. Show that there is a root of \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\) in the interval \([ 0.2,0.4 ]\)
  2. Show that the equation \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\) can be written in the form $$x = \frac { 2 } { 3 } - \frac { 1 } { 3 \cos x }$$ The solution of \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\) is \(\alpha\), where \(\alpha = 0.3\) to 1 decimal place.
  3. Starting with \(x _ { 0 } = 0.3\), use the iterative formula $$x _ { n + 1 } = \frac { 2 } { 3 } - \frac { 1 } { 3 \cos x _ { n } }$$ to calculate the values of \(x _ { 1 } , x _ { 2 }\) and \(x _ { 3 }\), giving your answers to 4 decimal places.
  4. State the value of \(\alpha\) correct to 3 decimal places.
Edexcel C3 2010 June Q3
9 marks Moderate -0.3
3. \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 4 \operatorname { cosec } x - 4 x + 1\), where \(x\) is in radians.
  1. Show that there is a root \(\alpha\) of \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\) in the interval [1.2,1.3].
  2. Show that the equation \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\) can be written in the form $$x = \frac { 1 } { \sin x } + \frac { 1 } { 4 }$$
  3. Use the iterative formula $$x _ { n + 1 } = \frac { 1 } { \sin x _ { n } } + \frac { 1 } { 4 } , \quad x _ { 0 } = 1.25$$ to calculate the values of \(x _ { 1 } , x _ { 2 }\) and \(x _ { 3 }\), giving your answers to 4 decimal places.
  4. By considering the change of sign of \(\mathrm { f } ( x )\) in a suitable interval, verify that \(\alpha = 1.291\) correct to 3 decimal places.
Edexcel C3 2011 June Q2
8 marks Standard +0.3
$$\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 2 \sin \left( x ^ { 2 } \right) + x - 2 , \quad 0 \leqslant x < 2 \pi$$
  1. Show that \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\) has a root \(\alpha\) between \(x = 0.75\) and \(x = 0.85\) The equation \(\mathrm { f } ( x ) = 0\) can be written as \(x = [ \arcsin ( 1 - 0.5 x ) ] ^ { \frac { 1 } { 2 } }\).
  2. Use the iterative formula $$x _ { n + 1 } = \left[ \arcsin \left( 1 - 0.5 x _ { n } \right) \right] ^ { \frac { 1 } { 2 } } , \quad x _ { 0 } = 0.8$$ to find the values of \(x _ { 1 } , x _ { 2 }\) and \(x _ { 3 }\), giving your answers to 5 decimal places.
  3. Show that \(\alpha = 0.80157\) is correct to 5 decimal places.
OCR C3 2016 June Q7
11 marks Standard +0.3
7
  1. By sketching the curves \(y = x ( 2 x + 5 )\) and \(y = \cos ^ { - 1 } x\) (where \(y\) is in radians) in a single diagram, show that the equation \(x ( 2 x + 5 ) = \cos ^ { - 1 } x\) has exactly one real root.
  2. Use the iterative formula $$x _ { n + 1 } = \frac { \cos ^ { - 1 } x _ { n } } { 2 x _ { n } + 5 } \text { with } x _ { 1 } = 0.25$$ to find the root correct to 3 significant figures. Show the result of each iteration correct to at least 4 significant figures.
  3. Two new curves are obtained by transforming each of the curves \(y = x ( 2 x + 5 )\) and \(y = \cos ^ { - 1 } x\) by the pair of transformations:
    reflection in the \(x\)-axis followed by reflection in the \(y\)-axis.
    State an equation of each of the new curves and determine the coordinates of their point of intersection, giving each coordinate correct to 3 significant figures.
AQA C3 2007 January Q8
7 marks Standard +0.3
8 The diagram shows the curve \(y = \cos ^ { - 1 } x\) for \(- 1 \leqslant x \leqslant 1\). \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{6890a681-2b7f-4853-a5f0-f88b7b435367-4_492_698_1640_671}
  1. Write down the exact coordinates of the points \(A\) and \(B\).
  2. The equation \(\cos ^ { - 1 } x = 3 x + 1\) has only one root. Given that the root of this equation is \(\alpha\), show that \(0.1 \leqslant \alpha \leqslant 0.2\).
  3. Use the iteration \(x _ { n + 1 } = \frac { 1 } { 3 } \left( \cos ^ { - 1 } x _ { n } - 1 \right)\) with \(x _ { 1 } = 0.1\) to find the values of \(x _ { 2 } , x _ { 3 }\) and \(x _ { 4 }\), giving your answers to three decimal places.
AQA C3 2005 June Q7
9 marks Standard +0.3
7
  1. Sketch the graph of \(y = \tan ^ { - 1 } x\).
    1. By drawing a suitable straight line on your sketch, show that the equation \(\tan ^ { - 1 } x = 2 x - 1\) has only one root.
    2. Given that the root of this equation is \(\alpha\), show that \(0.8 < \alpha < 0.9\).
  2. Use the iteration \(x _ { n + 1 } = \frac { 1 } { 2 } \left( \tan ^ { - 1 } x _ { n } + 1 \right)\) with \(x _ { 1 } = 0.8\) to find the value of \(x _ { 3 }\), giving your answer to two significant figures.
AQA C3 2009 June Q1
10 marks Standard +0.3
1
  1. The curve with equation $$y = \frac { \cos x } { 2 x + 1 } , \quad x > - \frac { 1 } { 2 }$$ intersects the line \(y = \frac { 1 } { 2 }\) at the point where \(x = \alpha\).
    1. Show that \(\alpha\) lies between 0 and \(\frac { \pi } { 2 }\).
    2. Show that the equation \(\frac { \cos x } { 2 x + 1 } = \frac { 1 } { 2 }\) can be rearranged into the form $$x = \cos x - \frac { 1 } { 2 }$$
    3. Use the iteration \(x _ { n + 1 } = \cos x _ { n } - \frac { 1 } { 2 }\) with \(x _ { 1 } = 0\) to find \(x _ { 3 }\), giving your answer to three decimal places.
    1. Given that \(y = \frac { \cos x } { 2 x + 1 }\), use the quotient rule to find an expression for \(\frac { \mathrm { d } y } { \mathrm {~d} x }\).
    2. Hence find the gradient of the normal to the curve \(y = \frac { \cos x } { 2 x + 1 }\) at the point on the curve where \(x = 0\).
Edexcel C3 Q7
14 marks Standard +0.3
7. (a) Solve the equation $$\pi - 3 \arccos \theta = 0$$ (b) Sketch on the same diagram the curves \(y = \arccos ( x - 1 ) , 0 \leq x \leq 2\) and \(y = \sqrt { x + 2 } , x \geq - 2\). Given that \(\alpha\) is the root of the equation $$\arccos ( x - 1 ) = \sqrt { x + 2 }$$ (c) show that \(0 < \alpha < 1\),
(d) use the iterative formula $$x _ { n + 1 } = 1 + \cos \sqrt { x _ { n } + 2 }$$ with \(x _ { 0 } = 1\) to find \(\alpha\) correct to 3 decimal places. END
AQA C3 2010 January Q2
11 marks Standard +0.3
2 [Figure 1, printed on the insert, is provided for use in this question.]
    1. Sketch the graph of \(y = \sin ^ { - 1 } x\), where \(y\) is in radians. State the coordinates of the end points of the graph.
    2. By drawing a suitable straight line on your sketch, show that the equation $$\sin ^ { - 1 } x = \frac { 1 } { 4 } x + 1$$ has only one solution.
  1. The root of the equation \(\sin ^ { - 1 } x = \frac { 1 } { 4 } x + 1\) is \(\alpha\). Show that \(0.5 < \alpha < 1\).
  2. The equation \(\sin ^ { - 1 } x = \frac { 1 } { 4 } x + 1\) can be rewritten as \(x = \sin \left( \frac { 1 } { 4 } x + 1 \right)\).
    1. Use the iteration \(x _ { n + 1 } = \sin \left( \frac { 1 } { 4 } x _ { n } + 1 \right)\) with \(x _ { 1 } = 0.5\) to find the values of \(x _ { 2 }\) and \(x _ { 3 }\), giving your answers to three decimal places.
    2. The sketch on Figure 1 shows parts of the graphs of \(y = \sin \left( \frac { 1 } { 4 } x + 1 \right)\) and \(y = x\), and the position of \(x _ { 1 }\). On Figure 1, draw a cobweb or staircase diagram to show how convergence takes place, indicating the positions of \(x _ { 2 }\) and \(x _ { 3 }\) on the \(x\)-axis.