Direct comparison of two variables

5 The masses, in grams, of large and small packets of Maxwheat cereal have the independent distributions \(\mathrm { N } \left( 410.0,3.6 ^ { 2 } \right)\) and \(\mathrm { N } \left( 206.0,3.7 ^ { 2 } \right)\) respectively.

1. Find the probability that a randomly chosen large packet has a mass that is more than double the mass of a randomly chosen small packet.
   The packets are placed in boxes. The boxes are identical in appearance. \(60 \%\) of the boxes contain exactly 10 randomly chosen large packets. 40\% of the boxes contain exactly 20 randomly chosen small packets.
2. Find the probability that a randomly chosen box contains packets with a total mass of more than 4080 grams.

3 The masses, in kilograms, of large sacks of flour and small sacks of flour have the independent distributions \(\mathrm { N } \left( 40,1.5 ^ { 2 } \right)\) and \(\mathrm { N } \left( 12,0.7 ^ { 2 } \right)\) respectively.

1. Find the probability that the total mass of 6 randomly chosen large sacks of flour is more than 245 kg .
2. Find the probability that the mass of a randomly chosen large sack of flour is less than 4 times the mass of a randomly chosen small sack of flour.

6 The masses, in kilograms, of large and small sacks of grain have the distributions \(\mathrm { N } ( 53,11 )\) and \(\mathrm { N } ( 14,3 )\) respectively.

1. Find the probability that the mass of a randomly chosen large sack is greater than four times the mass of a randomly chosen small sack.
2. A lift can safely carry a maximum mass of 1000 kg . Find the probability that the lift can safely carry 12 randomly chosen large sacks and 25 randomly chosen small sacks.
   \(7 X\) is a random variable with distribution \(\operatorname { Po } ( 2.90 )\). A random sample of 100 values of \(X\) is taken. Find the probability that the sample mean is less than 2.88 .
   If you use the following lined page to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown.

2 The random variable \(X\) has the distribution \(\mathrm { N } \left( 31.2,10.4 ^ { 2 } \right)\). Two independent random values of \(X\), denoted by \(X _ { 1 }\) and \(X _ { 2 }\), are chosen. Find \(\mathrm { P } \left( X _ { 1 } > 3 X _ { 2 } \right)\).

4 A random variable \(X\) has the distribution \(\mathrm { N } ( 10,12 )\). Two independent values of \(X\), denoted by \(X _ { 1 }\) and \(X _ { 2 }\), are chosen at random.

1. Write down the value of \(\mathrm { P } \left( X _ { 1 } > X _ { 2 } \right)\).
2. Find \(\mathrm { P } \left( X _ { 1 } > 2 X _ { 2 } - 3 \right)\).

6 The volumes, in millilitres, of large and small cups of tea are modelled by the distributions \(\mathrm { N } ( 200,30 )\) and \(\mathrm { N } ( 110,20 )\) respectively.

1. Find the probability that the total volume of a randomly chosen large cup of tea and a randomly chosen small cup of tea is less than 300 ml .
2. Find the probability that the volume of a randomly chosen large cup of tea is more than twice the volume of a randomly chosen small cup of tea.

5 The volumes, in litres, of juice in large and small bottles have the distributions \(\mathrm { N } ( 5.10,0.0102 )\) and \(\mathrm { N } ( 2.51,0.0036 )\) respectively.

1. Find the probability that the total volume of juice in 3 randomly chosen large bottles and 4 randomly chosen small bottles is less than 25.5 litres.
2. Find the probability that the volume of juice in a randomly chosen large bottle is at least twice the volume of juice in a randomly chosen small bottle.

4 The weekly distance in kilometres driven by Mr Parry has a normal distribution with mean 512 and standard deviation 62. Independently, the weekly distance in kilometres driven by Mrs Parry has a normal distribution with mean 89 and standard deviation 7.4.

1. Find the probability that, in a randomly chosen week, Mr Parry drives more than 5 times as far as Mrs Parry.
2. Find the mean and standard deviation of the total of the weekly distances in miles driven by Mr Parry and Mrs Parry. Use the approximation 8 kilometres \(= 5\) miles.

4 The heights of a certain variety of plant are normally distributed with mean 110 cm and variance \(1050 \mathrm {~cm} ^ { 2 }\). Two plants of this variety are chosen at random. Find the probability that the height of one of these plants is at least 1.5 times the height of the other.

4 The masses, in grams, of large bags of sugar and small bags of sugar are denoted by \(X\) and \(Y\) respectively, where \(X \sim \mathrm {~N} \left( 5.1,0.2 ^ { 2 } \right)\) and \(Y \sim \mathrm {~N} \left( 2.5,0.1 ^ { 2 } \right)\). Find the probability that the mass of a randomly chosen large bag is less than twice the mass of a randomly chosen small bag.

3 The masses, in kilograms, of female and male animals of a certain species have the distributions \(\mathrm { N } \left( 102,27 ^ { 2 } \right)\) and \(\mathrm { N } \left( 170,55 ^ { 2 } \right)\) respectively. Find the probability that a randomly chosen female has a mass that is less than half the mass of a randomly chosen male.
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3 The masses, in kilograms, of female and male animals of a certain species have the distributions \(\mathrm { N } \left( 102,27 ^ { 2 } \right)\) and \(\mathrm { N } \left( 170,55 ^ { 2 } \right)\) respectively. Find the probability that a randomly chosen female has a mass that is less than half the mass of a randomly chosen male.
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3 The masses, in kilograms, of female and male animals of a certain species have the distributions \(\mathrm { N } \left( 102,27 ^ { 2 } \right)\) and \(\mathrm { N } \left( 170,55 ^ { 2 } \right)\) respectively. Find the probability that a randomly chosen female has a mass that is less than half the mass of a randomly chosen male.
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3 The masses, in kilograms, of female and male animals of a certain species have the distributions \(\mathrm { N } \left( 102,27 ^ { 2 } \right)\) and \(\mathrm { N } \left( 170,55 ^ { 2 } \right)\) respectively. Find the probability that a randomly chosen female has a mass that is less than half the mass of a randomly chosen male.
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7 Kieran and Andreas are long-jumpers. They model the lengths, in metres, that they jump by the independent random variables \(K \sim \mathrm {~N} ( 5.64,0.0576 )\) and \(A \sim \mathrm {~N} ( 4.97,0.0441 )\) respectively. They each make a jump and measure the length. Find the probability that

1. the sum of the lengths of their jumps is less than 11 m ,
2. Kieran jumps more than 1.2 times as far as Andreas.

1 The masses, in grams, of potatoes of types \(A\) and \(B\) have the distributions \(\mathrm { N } \left( 175,60 ^ { 2 } \right)\) and \(\mathrm { N } \left( 105,28 ^ { 2 } \right)\) respectively. Find the probability that a randomly chosen potato of type \(A\) has a mass that is at least twice the mass of a randomly chosen potato of type \(B\).

4 Eezimix flour is sold in small bags of weight \(S\) grams, where \(S \sim \mathrm {~N} \left( 502.1,0.31 ^ { 2 } \right)\). It is also sold in large bags of weight \(L\) grams, where \(L \sim \mathrm {~N} \left( 1004.9,0.58 ^ { 2 } \right)\).

1. Find the probability that a randomly chosen large bag weighs at least 1 gram more than two randomly chosen small bags.
2. Find the probability that a randomly chosen large bag weighs less than twice the weight of a randomly chosen small bag.

2 In a particular chain of supermarkets, one brand of pasta shapes is sold in small packets and large packets. Small packets have a mean weight of 505 g and a standard deviation of 11 g . Large packets have a mean weight of 1005 g and a standard deviation of 17 g . It is assumed that the weights of packets are Normally distributed and are independent of each other.

1. Find the probability that a randomly chosen large packet weighs between 995 g and 1020 g .
2. Find the probability that the weights of two randomly chosen small packets differ by less than 25 g .
3. Find the probability that the total weight of two randomly chosen small packets exceeds the weight of a randomly chosen large packet.
4. Find the probability that the weight of one randomly chosen small packet exceeds half the weight of a randomly chosen large packet by at least 5 g .
5. A different brand of pasta shapes is sold in packets of which the weights are assumed to be Normally distributed with standard deviation 14 g . A random sample of 20 packets of this pasta is found to have a mean weight of 246 g . Find a \(95 \%\) confidence interval for the population mean weight of these packets.

7. A set of scaffolding poles come in two sizes, long and short. The length \(L\) of a long pole has the normal distribution \(\mathrm { N } \left( 19.7,0.5 ^ { 2 } \right)\). The length \(S\) of a short pole has the normal distribution \(\mathrm { N } \left( 4.9,0.2 ^ { 2 } \right)\). The random variables \(L\) and \(S\) are independent. A long pole and a short pole are selected at random.

1. Find the probability that the length of the long pole is more than 4 times the length of the short pole. Four short poles are selected at random and placed end to end in a row. The random variable \(T\) represents the length of the row.
2. Find the distribution of \(T\).
3. Find \(\mathrm { P } ( | L - T | < 0.1 )\).

5. The weights, in kg , of cars may be assumed to follow the normal distribution \(\mathrm { N } \left( 1000,250 ^ { 2 } \right)\). The weights, in kg , of lorries may be assumed to follow the normal distribution \(\mathrm { N } \left( 2800,650 ^ { 2 } \right)\). A lorry and a car are chosen at random.

1. Find the probability that the lorry weighs more than 3 times the weight of the car. A ferry carries vehicles across a river. The ferry is designed to carry a maximum weight of 20000 kg .
2. One morning, 8 cars and 3 lorries drive on to the ferry. Find the probability that their total weight will exceed the recommended maximum weight of 20000 kg .
3. State a necessary assumption needed for the calculation in part (b).

2 A manufacturer is testing how long coloured LED lights will last before the battery runs out, using two different battery types. The times in hours before the battery runs out are modelled by independent Normal distributions with means and standard deviations as shown in the table.

1. In a particular test, a battery of type A is used and the time taken for it to run out is recorded. This process is repeated until a total of 5 randomly selected batteries have been used. Determine the probability that the total time the 5 batteries last is at least 120 hours.
2. In a similar test, 3 randomly selected batteries of type A are used, one after the other. Then 2 randomly selected batteries of type B are used, one after the other. Determine the probability that the 3 type A batteries last longer in total than the 2 type B batteries.
3. Explain why it is necessary that the Normal distributions are independent in order to be able to find the probability in part (b).

7 A manufacturer makes two versions of a toy. One version is made out of wood and the other is made out of plastic. The weights, \(W \mathrm {~kg}\), of the wooden toys are normally distributed with mean 2.5 kg and standard deviation 0.7 kg . The weights, \(X \mathrm {~kg}\), of the plastic toys are normally distributed with mean 1.27 kg and standard deviation 0.4 kg . The random variables \(W\) and \(X\) are independent.

1. Find the probability that the weight of a randomly chosen wooden toy is more than double the weight of a randomly chosen plastic toy. The manufacturer packs \(n\) of these wooden toys and \(2 n\) of these plastic toys into the same container. The maximum weight the container can hold is 252 kg . The probability of the contents of this container being overweight is 0.2119 to 4 decimal places.
2. Calculate the value of \(n\).

1. Scaffolding poles come in two sizes, long and short. The length \(L\) of a long pole has the normal distribution \(\mathrm { N } \left( 19.6,0.6 ^ { 2 } \right)\). The length \(S\) of a short pole has the normal distribution N(4.8, 0.32). The random variables \(L\) and \(S\) are independent.

A long pole and a short pole are selected at random.

1. Find the probability that the length of the long pole is more than 4 times the length of the short pole. Show your working clearly. Four short poles are selected at random and placed end to end in a row. The random variable \(T\) represents the length of the row.
2. Find the distribution of \(T\).
3. Find \(\mathrm { P } ( | L - T | < 0.2 )\)

6. A manufacturer makes two versions of a toy. One version is made out of wood and the other is made out of plastic. The weights, \(W \mathrm {~kg}\), of the wooden toys are normally distributed with mean 2.5 kg and standard deviation 0.7 kg . The weights, \(X \mathrm {~kg}\), of the plastic toys are normally distributed with mean 1.27 kg and standard deviation 0.4 kg . The random variables \(W\) and \(X\) are independent.

1. Find the probability that the weight of a randomly chosen wooden toy is more than double the weight of a randomly chosen plastic toy.
   (6) The manufacturer packs \(n\) of these wooden toys and \(2 n\) of these plastic toys into the same container. The maximum weight the container can hold is 252 kg . The probability of the contents of this container being overweight is 0.2119 to 4 decimal places.
2. Calculate the value of \(n\). END OF TEST