4.10c Integrating factor: first order equations

217 questions

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Pre-U Pre-U 9795/1 2016 Specimen Q9
13 marks Challenging +1.2
9
  1. Show that the substitution \(u = \frac { 1 } { y ^ { 3 } }\) transforms the differential equation \(\frac { \mathrm { d } y } { \mathrm {~d} x } + y = 3 x y ^ { 4 }\) into $$\frac { \mathrm { d } u } { \mathrm {~d} x } - 3 u = - 9 x .$$
  2. Solve the differential equation \(\frac { \mathrm { d } y } { \mathrm {~d} x } + y = 3 x y ^ { 4 }\), given that \(y = \frac { 1 } { 2 }\) when \(x = 0\). Give your answer in the form \(y ^ { 3 } = \mathrm { f } ( x )\).
Pre-U Pre-U 9795/1 2019 Specimen Q9
3 marks Challenging +1.2
9
  1. Show that the substitution \(u = \frac { 1 } { y ^ { 3 } }\) transforms the differential equation \(\frac { \mathrm { d } y } { \mathrm {~d} x } + y = 3 x y ^ { 4 }\) into $$\frac { \mathrm { d } u } { \mathrm {~d} x } - 3 u = - 9 x$$
  2. Solve the differential equation \(\frac { \mathrm { d } y } { \mathrm {~d} x } + y = 3 x y ^ { 4 }\), given that \(y = \frac { 1 } { 2 }\) when \(x = 0\). Give your answer in the form \(y ^ { 3 } = \mathrm { f } ( x )\).
CAIE P3 2006 June Q5
8 marks Standard +0.3
In a certain industrial process, a substance is being produced in a container. The mass of the substance in the container \(t\) minutes after the start of the process is \(x\) grams. At any time, the rate of formation of the substance is proportional to its mass. Also, throughout the process, the substance is removed from the container at a constant rate of 25 grams per minute. When \(t = 0\), \(x = 1000\) and \(\frac{dx}{dt} = 75\).
  1. Show that \(x\) and \(t\) satisfy the differential equation $$\frac{dx}{dt} = 0.1(x - 250).$$ [2]
  2. Solve this differential equation, obtaining an expression for \(x\) in terms of \(t\). [6]
CAIE FP1 2019 November Q11
28 marks Challenging +1.8
Answer only one of the following two alternatives. **EITHER** It is given that \(w = \cos y\) and $$\tan y \frac{d^2 y}{dx^2} + \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2 + 2\tan y \frac{dy}{dx} = 1 + e^{-2x} \sec y.$$
  1. Show that $$\frac{d^2 w}{dx^2} + 2\frac{dw}{dx} + w = -e^{-2x}.$$ [4]
  2. Find the particular solution for \(y\) in terms of \(x\), given that when \(x = 0\), \(y = \frac{1}{4}\pi\) and \(\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\). [10]
**OR** The curves \(C_1\) and \(C_2\) have polar equations, for \(0 \leq \theta \leq \frac{1}{2}\pi\), as follows: \begin{align} C_1: r &= 2(e^\theta + e^{-\theta}),
C_2: r &= e^{2\theta} - e^{-2\theta}. \end{align} The curves intersect at the point \(P\) where \(\theta = \alpha\).
  1. Show that \(e^{2\alpha} - 2e^\alpha - 1 = 0\). Hence find the exact value of \(\alpha\) and show that the value of \(r\) at \(P\) is \(4\sqrt{2}\). [6]
  2. Sketch \(C_1\) and \(C_2\) on the same diagram. [3]
  3. Find the area of the region enclosed by \(C_1\), \(C_2\) and the initial line, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures. [5]
CAIE Further Paper 2 2020 June Q7
11 marks Challenging +1.3
  1. Show that an appropriate integrating factor for $$(x^2 + 1)\frac{dy}{dx} + y\sqrt{x^2 + 1} = x^2 - x\sqrt{x^2 + 1}$$ is \(x + \sqrt{x^2 + 1}\). [4]
  2. Hence find the solution of the differential equation $$(x^2 + 1)\frac{dy}{dx} + y\sqrt{x^2 + 1} = x^2 - x\sqrt{x^2 + 1}$$ for which \(y = \ln 2\) when \(x = 0\). Give your answer in the form \(y = f(x)\). [7]
CAIE Further Paper 2 2021 November Q2
7 marks Standard +0.3
Find the solution of the differential equation $$\frac{dy}{dx} + \frac{4x^3y}{x^4 + 5} = 6x$$ for which \(y = 1\) when \(x = 1\). Give your answer in the form \(y = f(x)\). [7]
CAIE Further Paper 2 2023 November Q6
14 marks Standard +0.8
  1. Starting from the definitions of cosh and sinh in terms of exponentials, prove that $$\sinh 2x = 2\sinh x\cosh x.$$ [3]
  2. Using the substitution \(u = \sinh x\), find \(\int \sinh^2 2x\cosh x\,dx\). [4]
  3. Find the particular solution of the differential equation $$\frac{dy}{dx} + y\tanh x = \sinh^2 2x,$$ given that \(y = 4\) when \(x = 0\). Give your answer in the form \(y = f(x)\). [7]
CAIE Further Paper 2 2024 November Q7
10 marks Challenging +1.2
  1. Show that \(\frac{d}{dx}(\ln(\tanh x)) = 2\cosh 2x\). [3]
  2. Find the solution of the differential equation $$\sinh 2x \frac{dy}{dx} + 2y = \sinh 2x$$ for which \(y = 5\) when \(x = \ln 2\). Give your answer in an exact form. [7]
CAIE M2 2010 November Q6
10 marks Standard +0.3
A cyclist and his bicycle have a total mass of \(81 \text{ kg}\). The cyclist starts from rest and rides in a straight line. The cyclist exerts a constant force of \(135 \text{ N}\) and the motion is opposed by a resistance of magnitude \(9v \text{ N}\), where \(v \text{ m s}^{-1}\) is the cyclist's speed at time \(t \text{ s}\) after starting.
  1. Show that \(\frac{9}{15-v} \frac{dv}{dt} = 1\). [2]
  2. Solve this differential equation to show that \(v = 15(1-e^{-\frac{t}{9}})\). [4]
  3. Find the distance travelled by the cyclist in the first \(9 \text{ s}\) of the motion. [4]
CAIE Further Paper 3 2024 June Q6
9 marks Challenging +1.8
A particle \(P\) of mass \(2\) kg moving on a horizontal straight line has displacement \(x\) m from a fixed point \(O\) on the line and velocity \(v\) m s\(^{-1}\) at time \(t\) s. The only horizontal force acting on \(P\) has magnitude \(\frac{1}{10}(2v - 1)^2 e^{-t}\) N and acts towards \(O\). When \(t = 0\), \(x = 1\) and \(v = 3\).
  1. Find an expression for \(v\) in terms of \(t\). [5]
  2. Find an expression for \(x\) in terms of \(t\). [4]
CAIE Further Paper 3 2024 June Q7
11 marks Standard +0.8
A parachutist of mass \(m\) kg opens his parachute when he is moving vertically downwards with a speed of \(50\text{ ms}^{-1}\). At time \(t\) s after opening his parachute, he has fallen a distance \(x\) m from the point where he opened his parachute, and his speed is \(v\text{ ms}^{-1}\). The forces acting on him are his weight and a resistive force of magnitude \(mv\) N.
  1. Find an expression for \(v\) in terms of \(t\). [6]
  2. Find an expression for \(x\) in terms of \(t\). [3]
  3. Find the distance that the parachutist has fallen, since opening his parachute, when his speed is \(15\text{ ms}^{-1}\). [2]
Edexcel P4 2024 June Q7
11 marks Standard +0.3
The current, \(x\) amps, at time \(t\) seconds after a switch is closed in a particular electric circuit is modelled by the equation $$\frac{dx}{dt} = k - 3x$$ where \(k\) is a constant. Initially there is zero current in the circuit.
  1. Solve the differential equation to find an equation, in terms of \(k\), for the current in the circuit at time \(t\) seconds. Give your answer in the form \(x = f(t)\). [6]
Given that in the long term the current in the circuit approaches \(7\) amps,
  1. find the value of \(k\). [2]
  2. Hence find the time in seconds it takes for the current to reach \(5\) amps, giving your answer to \(2\) significant figures. [3]
Edexcel P4 2022 October Q10
8 marks Standard +0.3
A spherical ball of ice of radius 12 cm is placed in a bucket of water. In a model of the situation, • the ball remains spherical as it melts • \(t\) minutes after the ball of ice is placed in the bucket, its radius is \(r\) cm • the rate of decrease of the radius of the ball of ice is inversely proportional to the square of the radius • the radius of the ball of ice is 6 cm after 15 minutes Using the model and the information given,
  1. find an equation linking \(r\) and \(t\), [5]
  2. find the time taken for the ball of ice to melt completely, [2]
  3. On Diagram 1 on page 27, sketch a graph of \(r\) against \(t\). [1]
Edexcel C4 Q8
13 marks Standard +0.3
Liquid is pouring into a container at a constant rate of \(20\text{ cm}^3\text{s}^{-1}\) and is leaking out at a rate proportional to the volume of the liquid already in the container.
  1. Explain why, at time \(t\) seconds, the volume, \(V\text{ cm}^3\), of liquid in the container satisfies the differential equation $$\frac{dV}{dt} = 20 - kV,$$ where \(k\) is a positive constant. [2]
The container is initially empty.
  1. By solving the differential equation, show that $$V = A + Be^{-kt},$$ giving the values of \(A\) and \(B\) in terms of \(k\). [6]
Given also that \(\frac{dV}{dt} = 10\) when \(t = 5\),
  1. find the volume of liquid in the container at 10 s after the start. [5]
Edexcel C4 Q30
11 marks Standard +0.3
Liquid is poured into a container at a constant rate of 30 cm\(^3\) s\(^{-1}\). At time \(t\) seconds liquid is leaking from the container at a rate of \(\frac{1}{5}V\) cm\(^3\) s\(^{-1}\), where \(V\) cm\(^3\) is the volume of liquid in the container at that time.
  1. Show that $$-15 \frac{dV}{dt} = 2V - 450.$$ [3]
Given that \(V = 1000\) when \(t = 0\),
  1. find the solution of the differential equation, in the form \(V = f(t)\). [7]
  2. Find the limiting value of \(V\) as \(t \to \infty\). [1]
Edexcel FP2 Q3
8 marks Standard +0.8
Find the general solution of the differential equation $$\sin x \frac{dy}{dx} - y \cos x = \sin 2x \sin x$$ giving your answer in the form \(y = f(x)\). [8]
Edexcel FP2 Q7
7 marks Challenging +1.2
  1. Show that the transformation \(z = y^{\frac{1}{2}}\) transforms the differential equation $$\frac{dy}{dx} - 4y \tan x = 2y^{\frac{1}{2}}$$ [I] into the differential equation $$\frac{dz}{dx} - 2z \tan x = 1$$ [II]
  2. Solve the differential equation (II) to find \(z\) as a function of \(x\). [6]
  3. Hence obtain the general solution of the differential equation (I). [1]
Edexcel FP2 Q3
8 marks Standard +0.3
Find the general solution of the differential equation $$x \frac{dy}{dx} + 5y = \frac{\ln x}{x}, \quad x > 0,$$ giving your answer in the form \(y = f(x)\). [8]
Edexcel FP2 Q7
11 marks Challenging +1.3
  1. Show that the substitution \(y = vx\) transforms the differential equation $$3xy^2 \frac{dv}{dx} = v^4 + y^3$$ [I] into the differential equation $$3x v^2 \frac{dv}{dx} = 1 - 2v^3$$ [II] [3]
  2. By solving differential equation (II), find a general solution of differential equation (I) in the form \(y = f(x)\). [6]
Given that \(y = 2\) at \(x = 1\),
  1. find the value of \(\frac{dy}{dx}\) at \(x = 1\). [2]
Edexcel FP2 Q5
10 marks Standard +0.8
  1. Find, in the form \(y = f(x)\), the general solution of the equation $$\frac{dy}{dx} = 2y \tan x + \sin 2x, \quad 0 < x < \frac{\pi}{2}$$ [6]
Given that \(y = 2\) at \(x = \frac{\pi}{6}\),
  1. find the value of \(y\) at \(x = \frac{\pi}{4}\), giving your answer in the form \(a + k \ln b\), where \(a\) and \(b\) are integers and \(k\) is rational. [4]
Edexcel FP2 Q5
12 marks Standard +0.8
  1. Find the general solution of the differential equation $$x \frac{dy}{dx} + 2y = 4x^2$$ [5]
  2. Find the particular solution for which \(y = 5\) at \(x = 1\), giving your answer in the form \(y = f(x)\). [2]
  3. Find the exact values of the coordinates of the turning points of the curve with equation \(y = f(x)\), making your method clear. [???]
  4. Sketch the curve with equation \(y = f(x)\), showing the coordinates of the turning points. [5]
Edexcel FP2 2008 June Q1
Moderate -0.3
Solve the differential equation \(\frac{dy}{dx} - 3y = x\) to obtain \(y\) as a function of \(x\). (Total 5 marks)
Edexcel FP2 2008 June Q7
Challenging +1.2
  1. Show that the substitution \(y = vx\) transforms the differential equation $$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{x}{y} + \frac{3y}{x}, x > 0, y > 0$$ (I) into the differential equation \(x\frac{dv}{dx} = 2v + \frac{1}{v}\). (II) (3)
  2. By solving differential equation (II), find a general solution of differential equation (I) in the form \(y = f(x)\). (7)
Given that \(y = 3\) at \(x = 1\), (c)find the particular solution of differential equation (I).(2)
Edexcel FP2 2008 June Q9
Challenging +1.8
$$(x^2 + 1)\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = 2y^2 + (1 - 2x)\frac{dy}{dx}$$ (I)
  1. By differentiating equation (I) with respect to \(x\), show that
Edexcel FP2 Q2
10 marks Standard +0.3
  1. Find the general solution of the differential equation $$t \frac{dv}{dt} - v = t, \quad t > 0$$ and hence show that the solution can be written in the form \(v = t(\ln t + c)\), where \(c\) is an arbitrary constant. [6]
  2. This differential equation is used to model the motion of a particle which has speed \(v\) m s\(^{-1}\) at time \(t\) s. When \(t = 2\) the speed of the particle is \(3\) m s\(^{-1}\). Find, to \(3\) significant figures, the speed of the particle when \(t = 4\). [4]