| Exam Board | Edexcel |
|---|---|
| Module | S2 (Statistics 2) |
| Year | 2014 |
| Session | January |
| Marks | 15 |
| Paper | Download PDF ↗ |
| Mark scheme | Download PDF ↗ |
| Topic | Cumulative distribution functions |
| Type | PDF to CDF derivation |
| Difficulty | Standard +0.3 This is a standard S2 question requiring routine integration to find k, then piecewise integration for the CDF, and solving F(x)=0.5 for the median. While multi-part with several steps, each component follows textbook procedures without requiring novel insight or particularly challenging algebra. |
| Spec | 5.03a Continuous random variables: pdf and cdf5.03b Solve problems: using pdf5.03e Find cdf: by integration5.03f Relate pdf-cdf: medians and percentiles |
| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| Working/Answer | Marks | Notes |
| Correct shape: curve with correct curvature and straight line with negative gradient | B1 | Must start and end on the \(x\)-axis |
| \(-1,\;1,\;3\) and \(4k\) (or 0.6) labelled in correct place | B1 |
| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| Working/Answer | Marks | Notes |
| \(\int_{-1}^{1}k(x+1)^2\,dx + \int_{1}^{3}k(6-2x)\,dx = 1\) | M1 | Adding two areas and putting equal to 1 |
| \(\int_{-1}^{1}k(x^2+2x+1)\,dx + \int_{1}^{3}k(6-2x)\,dx = 1\) | M1A1 | M1: attempting to integrate (at least one \(x^n\to x^{n+1}\)) or finding area of triangle; A1: correct integration \(k\!\left(\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x\right)\) and \(k(6x-x^2)\) or equivalents |
| \(k\!\left[\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x\right]_{-1}^{1} + k\!\left[6x-x^2\right]_{1}^{3} = 1\) | ||
| \(k\!\left[2\tfrac{1}{3}+\tfrac{1}{3}\right] + k[9-5] = 1\) | dM1 | Dependent on previous two M marks; using correct limits |
| \(6\tfrac{2}{3}k = 1\) | ||
| \(k = \frac{3}{20}\) | A1cso | AG |
| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| Working/Answer | Marks | Notes |
| \(\int_{-1}^{x}k(x^2+2x+1)\,dx = k\!\left[\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x\right]_{-1}^{x}\) or \(\left[\frac{k}{3}(x+1)^3\right]_{-1}^{x}\) | M1 | Attempt to integrate line 1 of \(f(x)\) with correct limits, or with \(+c\) substituting \(-1\) and setting \(=0\) |
| \(= \frac{3}{20}\!\left(\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x+\frac{1}{3}\right)\) or \(\frac{1}{20}(x+1)^3\) | ||
| \(\int_{1}^{x}k(6-2x)\,dx + \int_{-1}^{1}k(x^2+2x+1)\,dx = k\!\left[6x-x^2\right]_{1}^{x}+\frac{2}{5}\) | M1 | Attempt to integrate line 2 of \(f(x)\) with correct limits and adding \(\frac{2}{5}\) or their \(F(1)\); or with \(+c\) substituting \(3\) and setting \(=1\) |
| \(= \frac{3}{20}(6x-x^2-5)+\frac{2}{5}\) | ||
| \(= \frac{9}{10}x - \frac{3}{20}x^2 - \frac{7}{20}\) | ||
| \(F(x) = \begin{cases} 0 & x < -1 \\ \dfrac{3}{20}\!\left(\dfrac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x+\dfrac{1}{3}\right) & -1\leq x \leq 1 \\[6pt] \dfrac{9}{10}x - \dfrac{3}{20}x^2 - \dfrac{7}{20} & 1 < x \leq 3 \\ 1 & x>3 \end{cases}\) | B1, A1, A1 | B1: top and bottom rows correct; 1st A1: 2nd line of \(F(x)\) with correct range; 2nd A1: 3rd line of \(F(x)\) with correct range. Do not penalise \(\leq\) instead of \(<\) or \(\geq\) instead of \(>\) |
| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| Working/Answer | Marks | Notes |
| \(\frac{9}{10}x - \frac{3}{20}x^2 - \frac{7}{20} = 0.5\) | M1 | Setting their 2nd or 3rd line of \(F(x) = 0.5\) |
| \(3x^2 - 18x + 17 = 0\) | ||
| \(x = \frac{18 \pm \sqrt{18^2 - 4\times3\times17}}{6}\) | dM1 | Solving a 3-term quadratic dependent on first M1; must be using their 3rd line of \(F(x)\) |
| \(x = 1.17\) only | A1 | condone awrt 1.17; must reject other solution (4.825....) |
## Question 6:
### Part (a):
| Working/Answer | Marks | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Correct shape: curve with correct curvature and straight line with negative gradient | B1 | Must start and end on the $x$-axis |
| $-1,\;1,\;3$ and $4k$ (or 0.6) labelled in correct place | B1 | |
### Part (b):
| Working/Answer | Marks | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| $\int_{-1}^{1}k(x+1)^2\,dx + \int_{1}^{3}k(6-2x)\,dx = 1$ | M1 | Adding two areas and putting equal to 1 |
| $\int_{-1}^{1}k(x^2+2x+1)\,dx + \int_{1}^{3}k(6-2x)\,dx = 1$ | M1A1 | M1: attempting to integrate (at least one $x^n\to x^{n+1}$) or finding area of triangle; A1: correct integration $k\!\left(\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x\right)$ and $k(6x-x^2)$ or equivalents |
| $k\!\left[\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x\right]_{-1}^{1} + k\!\left[6x-x^2\right]_{1}^{3} = 1$ | | |
| $k\!\left[2\tfrac{1}{3}+\tfrac{1}{3}\right] + k[9-5] = 1$ | dM1 | Dependent on previous two M marks; using correct limits |
| $6\tfrac{2}{3}k = 1$ | | |
| $k = \frac{3}{20}$ | A1cso | **AG** |
### Part (c):
| Working/Answer | Marks | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| $\int_{-1}^{x}k(x^2+2x+1)\,dx = k\!\left[\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x\right]_{-1}^{x}$ or $\left[\frac{k}{3}(x+1)^3\right]_{-1}^{x}$ | M1 | Attempt to integrate line 1 of $f(x)$ with correct limits, or with $+c$ substituting $-1$ and setting $=0$ |
| $= \frac{3}{20}\!\left(\frac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x+\frac{1}{3}\right)$ or $\frac{1}{20}(x+1)^3$ | | |
| $\int_{1}^{x}k(6-2x)\,dx + \int_{-1}^{1}k(x^2+2x+1)\,dx = k\!\left[6x-x^2\right]_{1}^{x}+\frac{2}{5}$ | M1 | Attempt to integrate line 2 of $f(x)$ with correct limits and adding $\frac{2}{5}$ or their $F(1)$; or with $+c$ substituting $3$ and setting $=1$ |
| $= \frac{3}{20}(6x-x^2-5)+\frac{2}{5}$ | | |
| $= \frac{9}{10}x - \frac{3}{20}x^2 - \frac{7}{20}$ | | |
| $F(x) = \begin{cases} 0 & x < -1 \\ \dfrac{3}{20}\!\left(\dfrac{x^3}{3}+x^2+x+\dfrac{1}{3}\right) & -1\leq x \leq 1 \\[6pt] \dfrac{9}{10}x - \dfrac{3}{20}x^2 - \dfrac{7}{20} & 1 < x \leq 3 \\ 1 & x>3 \end{cases}$ | B1, A1, A1 | B1: top and bottom rows correct; 1st A1: 2nd line of $F(x)$ with correct range; 2nd A1: 3rd line of $F(x)$ with correct range. Do not penalise $\leq$ instead of $<$ or $\geq$ instead of $>$ |
### Part (d):
| Working/Answer | Marks | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| $\frac{9}{10}x - \frac{3}{20}x^2 - \frac{7}{20} = 0.5$ | M1 | Setting their 2nd or 3rd line of $F(x) = 0.5$ |
| $3x^2 - 18x + 17 = 0$ | | |
| $x = \frac{18 \pm \sqrt{18^2 - 4\times3\times17}}{6}$ | dM1 | Solving a 3-term quadratic dependent on first M1; must be using their 3rd line of $F(x)$ |
| $x = 1.17$ only | A1 | condone awrt 1.17; must reject other solution (4.825....) |
\begin{enumerate}
\item The continuous random variable $X$ has probability density function given by
\end{enumerate}
$$f ( x ) = \left\{ \begin{array} { c c }
k ( x + 1 ) ^ { 2 } & - 1 \leqslant x \leqslant 1 \\
k ( 6 - 2 x ) & 1 < x \leqslant 3 \\
0 & \text { otherwise }
\end{array} \right.$$
where $k$ is a positive constant.\\
(a) Sketch the graph of $\mathrm { f } ( x )$.\\
(b) Show that the value of $k$ is $\frac { 3 } { 20 }$\\
(c) Define fully the cumulative distribution function $\mathrm { F } ( x )$.\\
(d) Find the median of $X$, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.\\
\hfill \mbox{\textit{Edexcel S2 2014 Q6 [15]}}