AQA D2 2013 January — Question 6 12 marks

Exam BoardAQA
ModuleD2 (Decision Mathematics 2)
Year2013
SessionJanuary
Marks12
PaperDownload PDF ↗
Mark schemeDownload PDF ↗
TopicGroups
DifficultyModerate -0.5 This is a standard zero-sum game theory question from Decision Mathematics, requiring identification of optimal strategies using dominance or minimax methods. While it involves multiple steps, the techniques are algorithmic and well-practiced, making it easier than average A-level questions that require genuine problem-solving or proof.
Spec7.08a Pay-off matrix: zero-sum games7.08b Dominance: reduce pay-off matrix7.08c Pure strategies: play-safe strategies and stable solutions

6 Kate and Pippa play a zero-sum game. The game is represented by the following pay-off matrix for Kate. \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{3ba973a1-6a45-4381-b634-e9c4673ef1fb-18_2482_1707_223_155}

Question 6:
Part (a)
AnswerMarks Guidance
AnswerMarks Guidance
Strategy \(B\) is dominated by strategy \(C\) (every entry in row \(C\) is greater than corresponding entry in row \(B\))B1 Must refer to domination
Part (b) - Kate's Optimal Mixed Strategy
AnswerMarks Guidance
AnswerMarks Guidance
Reduce to \(2 \times 3\) game using rows \(A\) and \(C\) onlyM1 Removing row \(B\)
Let Kate play \(A\) with probability \(p\), \(C\) with probability \(1-p\)M1 Setting up expressions
Expected payoff vs \(D\): \(-2p + 4(1-p) = 4 - 6p\)A1
Expected payoff vs \(E\): \(0p + 1(1-p) = 1-p\)A1
Expected payoff vs \(F\): \(3p + (-1)(1-p) = 4p - 1\)A1
Setting \(4-6p = 4p-1 \Rightarrow p = \frac{1}{2}\)M1 Equating appropriate lines
Check: vs \(D\): \(1\), vs \(E\): \(\frac{1}{2}\), vs \(F\): \(1\); optimal \(p = \frac{1}{2}\)A1
Kate plays \(A\) with probability \(\frac{1}{2}\), \(C\) with probability \(\frac{1}{2}\), value of game \(= 1\)A1
Part (c) - Pippa's Optimal Mixed Strategy
AnswerMarks Guidance
AnswerMarks Guidance
Strategy \(E\) dominated; Pippa mixes \(D\) and \(F\) onlyM1
Let Pippa play \(D\) with probability \(q\), \(F\) with probability \(1-q\)M1
vs \(A\): \(-2q + 3(1-q) = 3 - 5q\); vs \(C\): \(4q + (-1)(1-q) = 5q-1\)A1
Setting equal: \(3 - 5q = 5q - 1 \Rightarrow q = \frac{2}{5}\)A1
Pippa plays \(D\) with probability \(\frac{2}{5}\), \(F\) with probability \(\frac{3}{5}\)A1 Condone no mention of \(E\)
# Question 6:

## Part (a)

| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|--------|-------|----------|
| Strategy $B$ is dominated by strategy $C$ (every entry in row $C$ is greater than corresponding entry in row $B$) | B1 | Must refer to domination |

## Part (b) - Kate's Optimal Mixed Strategy

| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|--------|-------|----------|
| Reduce to $2 \times 3$ game using rows $A$ and $C$ only | M1 | Removing row $B$ |
| Let Kate play $A$ with probability $p$, $C$ with probability $1-p$ | M1 | Setting up expressions |
| Expected payoff vs $D$: $-2p + 4(1-p) = 4 - 6p$ | A1 | |
| Expected payoff vs $E$: $0p + 1(1-p) = 1-p$ | A1 | |
| Expected payoff vs $F$: $3p + (-1)(1-p) = 4p - 1$ | A1 | |
| Setting $4-6p = 4p-1 \Rightarrow p = \frac{1}{2}$ | M1 | Equating appropriate lines |
| Check: vs $D$: $1$, vs $E$: $\frac{1}{2}$, vs $F$: $1$; optimal $p = \frac{1}{2}$ | A1 | |
| Kate plays $A$ with probability $\frac{1}{2}$, $C$ with probability $\frac{1}{2}$, value of game $= 1$ | A1 | |

## Part (c) - Pippa's Optimal Mixed Strategy

| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|--------|-------|----------|
| Strategy $E$ dominated; Pippa mixes $D$ and $F$ only | M1 | |
| Let Pippa play $D$ with probability $q$, $F$ with probability $1-q$ | M1 | |
| vs $A$: $-2q + 3(1-q) = 3 - 5q$; vs $C$: $4q + (-1)(1-q) = 5q-1$ | A1 | |
| Setting equal: $3 - 5q = 5q - 1 \Rightarrow q = \frac{2}{5}$ | A1 | |
| Pippa plays $D$ with probability $\frac{2}{5}$, $F$ with probability $\frac{3}{5}$ | A1 | Condone no mention of $E$ |
6 Kate and Pippa play a zero-sum game. The game is represented by the following pay-off matrix for Kate.

\includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{3ba973a1-6a45-4381-b634-e9c4673ef1fb-18_2482_1707_223_155}\\

\hfill \mbox{\textit{AQA D2 2013 Q6 [12]}}