| Exam Board | Edexcel |
|---|---|
| Module | F2 (Further Pure Mathematics 2) |
| Year | 2021 |
| Session | June |
| Marks | 11 |
| Paper | Download PDF ↗ |
| Mark scheme | Download PDF ↗ |
| Topic | First order differential equations (integrating factor) |
| Type | Bernoulli equation |
| Difficulty | Challenging +1.2 This is a standard Bernoulli equation from Further Maths requiring a given substitution (part a) followed by solving a linear first-order ODE with integrating factor (part b). While it involves multiple steps and Further Maths content, the substitution is provided and the techniques are routine applications of the syllabus with no novel insight required. |
| Spec | 4.10c Integrating factor: first order equations |
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| Q8 |
| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| Working/Answer | Marks | Guidance |
| \(v = y^{-2}\), \(\frac{dv}{dy} = -2y^{-3}\) | B1 | Correct derivative |
| \(\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{dv} \times \frac{dv}{dx} = -\frac{y^3}{2}\frac{dv}{dx}\) | M1A1 | Attempt \(\frac{dy}{dx}\) or \(\frac{dv}{dx}\) using the chain rule; correct |
| Substitute into equation to obtain equation in \(v\) and \(x\) only | dM1 | Substitute in equation (I) to obtain an equation in \(v\) and \(x\) only |
| \(\frac{dv}{dx} - 12vx = -6xe^{x^2}\) | A1* | Correct completion with no errors seen |
| Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| Working/Answer | Marks | Guidance |
| IF: \(e^{\int -12x\,dx} = e^{-6x^2}\) | M1A1 | IF of form \(e^{\int \pm 12x\,dx}\) and attempt the integration; correct IF |
| \(ve^{-6x^2} = \int -6xe^{x^2} \times (e^{-6x^2})\,dx = \int -6xe^{-5x^2}\,dx\) | dM1 | Multiply through by their IF and integrate the LHS. Depends on first M mark of (b) |
| \(ve^{-6x^2} = \frac{6}{10}e^{-5x^2}\ (+c)\) | A1 | Correct integration of the complete equation with or without constant |
| \(v\,(= y^{-2}) = \frac{6}{10}e^{x^2} + ce^{6x^2}\) | ddM1 | Include the constant and multiply through by \(e^{6x^2}\). Depends on both previous M marks of (b) |
| \(y^2 = \frac{1}{\frac{6}{10}e^{x^2} + ce^{6x^2}}\) or e.g. \(y^2 = \frac{10}{6e^{x^2} + ke^{6x^2}}\) | A1 | Any equivalent form (no need to change letter used for constant when rearranging) |
# Question 8:
## Part (a):
| Working/Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| $v = y^{-2}$, $\frac{dv}{dy} = -2y^{-3}$ | B1 | Correct derivative |
| $\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{dv} \times \frac{dv}{dx} = -\frac{y^3}{2}\frac{dv}{dx}$ | M1A1 | Attempt $\frac{dy}{dx}$ or $\frac{dv}{dx}$ using the chain rule; correct |
| Substitute into equation to obtain equation in $v$ and $x$ only | dM1 | Substitute in equation (I) to obtain an equation in $v$ and $x$ only |
| $\frac{dv}{dx} - 12vx = -6xe^{x^2}$ | A1* | Correct completion with no errors seen |
**(5 marks)**
## Part (b):
| Working/Answer | Marks | Guidance |
|---|---|---|
| IF: $e^{\int -12x\,dx} = e^{-6x^2}$ | M1A1 | IF of form $e^{\int \pm 12x\,dx}$ and attempt the integration; correct IF |
| $ve^{-6x^2} = \int -6xe^{x^2} \times (e^{-6x^2})\,dx = \int -6xe^{-5x^2}\,dx$ | dM1 | Multiply through by their IF and integrate the LHS. Depends on first M mark of (b) |
| $ve^{-6x^2} = \frac{6}{10}e^{-5x^2}\ (+c)$ | A1 | Correct integration of the complete equation with or without constant |
| $v\,(= y^{-2}) = \frac{6}{10}e^{x^2} + ce^{6x^2}$ | ddM1 | Include the constant and multiply through by $e^{6x^2}$. Depends on both previous M marks of (b) |
| $y^2 = \frac{1}{\frac{6}{10}e^{x^2} + ce^{6x^2}}$ or e.g. $y^2 = \frac{10}{6e^{x^2} + ke^{6x^2}}$ | A1 | Any equivalent form (no need to change letter used for constant when rearranging) |
**(6 marks) [11 total]**
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8. (a) Show that the substitution $v = y ^ { - 2 }$ transforms the differential equation
$$\frac { \mathrm { d } y } { \mathrm {~d} x } + 6 x y = 3 x \mathrm { e } ^ { x ^ { 2 } } y ^ { 3 } \quad x > 0$$
into the differential equation
$$\frac { \mathrm { d } v } { \mathrm {~d} x } - 12 v x = - 6 x \mathrm { e } ^ { x ^ { 2 } } \quad x > 0$$
(b) Hence find the general solution of the differential equation (I), giving your answer in the form $y ^ { 2 } = \mathrm { f } ( x )$.\\
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\hfill \mbox{\textit{Edexcel F2 2021 Q8 [11]}}