AQA C4 2015 June — Question 8 12 marks

Exam BoardAQA
ModuleC4 (Core Mathematics 4)
Year2015
SessionJune
Marks12
PaperDownload PDF ↗
Mark schemeDownload PDF ↗
TopicDifferential equations
TypeSeparable variables - standard (polynomial/exponential x-side)
DifficultyStandard +0.3 This is a straightforward separable variables question with standard integration techniques. Part (a) requires routine separation and integration of basic functions (square root and reciprocal squared). Part (b) involves writing a simple differential equation from a verbal description and using proportionality to find a value without solving the DE. All techniques are standard C4 material with no novel insights required, making it slightly easier than average.
Spec1.07t Construct differential equations: in context1.08k Separable differential equations: dy/dx = f(x)g(y)

8
  1. A pond is initially empty and is then filled gradually with water. After \(t\) minutes, the depth of the water, \(x\) metres, satisfies the differential equation $$\frac { \mathrm { d } x } { \mathrm {~d} t } = \frac { \sqrt { 4 + 5 x } } { 5 ( 1 + t ) ^ { 2 } }$$ Solve this differential equation to find \(x\) in terms of \(t\).
  2. Another pond is gradually filling with water. After \(t\) minutes, the surface of the water forms a circle of radius \(r\) metres. The rate of change of the radius is inversely proportional to the area of the surface of the water.
    1. Write down a differential equation, in the variables \(r\) and \(t\) and a constant of proportionality, which represents how the radius of the surface of the water is changing with time.
      (You are not required to solve your differential equation.)
    2. When the radius of the pond is 1 metre, the radius is increasing at a rate of 4.5 metres per second. Find the radius of the pond when the radius is increasing at a rate of 0.5 metres per second.
      [0pt] [2 marks]
      \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}]{fdd3905e-11f7-4b20-adfe-4c686018a221-18_1277_1709_1430_153}
      \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}]{fdd3905e-11f7-4b20-adfe-4c686018a221-20_2288_1707_221_153}

Question 1
(a) [3 marks]
M1: Multiply both sides by \((5-x)(1+6x)\)
M1: Compare coefficients or substitute values for \(x\)
A1: \(A = 2\), \(B = 3\)
(b) [6 marks]
M1: Integrate \(\frac{2}{5-x}\) to get \(-2\ln(5-x)\)
M1: Integrate \(\frac{3}{1+6x}\) to get \(\frac{1}{2}\ln(1+6x)\)
M1: Apply limits \(0\) to \(4\)
M1: Evaluate at \(x=4\): \(-2\ln(1) + \frac{1}{2}\ln(25)\)
M1: Evaluate at \(x=0\): \(-2\ln(5) + \frac{1}{2}\ln(1)\)
A1: \(k = -\frac{3}{2}\) (or equivalent rational form)
Question 2
(a) [3 marks]
M1: Use \(R = \sqrt{4+25} = \sqrt{29}\)
M1: Find \(a\) where \(\tan(a) = \frac{5}{2}\)
A1: \(R = \sqrt{29}\), \(a = 1.19\) radians (to 3 s.f.)
(b)(i) [2 marks]
M1: Maximum occurs when \(\cos(x+a) = 1\), so \(x + a = 0\) (or \(2\pi\), etc.)
A1: \(x = 2\pi - 1.19 = 5.09\) (to 3 s.f.)
(b)(ii) [3 marks]
M1: Solve \(\sqrt{29}\cos(x+a) = -1\)
M1: \(\cos(x+a) = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{29}}\)
M1: Find both values of \(x+a\) in range and subtract \(a\)
A1: \(x = 1.77\) and \(x = 4.51\) (to 3 s.f.)
Question 3
(a) [2 marks]
M1: Apply Remainder Theorem: \(f(-\frac{1}{2}) = -2\)
A1: \(d = 3\)
(b)(i) [3 marks]
M1: Perform polynomial division by \((2x+1)\)
M1: Factor the quotient as \((4x^2 - 8x + 3)\) or equivalent
A1: \(g(x) = (2x+1)(2x-1)(2x-3)\)
(b)(ii) [4 marks]
M1: Factorize numerator: \(4x^2 - 1 = (2x-1)(2x+1)\)
M1: Cancel to get \(h(x) = \frac{2x-1}{2x-3}\)
M1: Differentiate: \(h'(x) = \frac{2(2x-3) - (2x-1)(2)}{(2x-3)^2} = \frac{-4}{(2x-3)^2}\)
A1: Since \(h'(x) < 0\) for \(x > 2\), \(h\) is decreasing
Question 4
(a) [2 marks]
M1: Apply binomial expansion to \((1+5x)^{1/5}\)
A1: \(1 + x - \frac{10x^2}{2}\) (or \(1 + x - 5x^2\))
(b)(i) [3 marks]
M1: Rewrite as \(8(1 + \frac{3x}{8})^{-2/3}\)
M1: Apply binomial expansion with \(n = -\frac{2}{3}\)
A1: \(1 - \frac{x}{4} - \frac{5x^2}{128}\) (or equivalent)
(b)(ii) [2 marks]
M1: Set \(3x = \frac{1}{27}\) to get \(x = \frac{1}{81}\), substitute into expansion
A1: \(0.3158\) (to 4 d.p.)
Question 5
(a) [3 marks]
M1: Find \(\frac{dx}{dt} = -2\sin(2t)\) and \(\frac{dy}{dt} = \cos(t)\)
M1: At \(t = \frac{\pi}{6}\): \(\frac{dx}{dt} = -\sqrt{3}\), \(\frac{dy}{dt} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)
A1: Gradient \(= -\frac{1}{2}\)
(b) [3 marks]
M1: Gradient of normal is \(2\)
M1: Find coordinates of P: \((\frac{3}{4}, \frac{1}{2})\)
A1: \(y = 2x - 1\) (or \(2x - y - 1 = 0\))
(c) [5 marks]
M1: Substitute \(y = 2x - 1\) into \(y = \sin(q)\) and \(x = \cos(2q)\)
M1: Use \(\sin(q) = 2\cos(2q) - 1\)
M1: Substitute \(\cos(2q) = 1 - 2\sin^2(q)\) to form quadratic
M1: Rearrange to \(4\sin^2(q) + \sin(q) - 3 = 0\)
M1: Solve to get \(\sin(q) = -1\) (giving \(x = -1\)) or \(\sin(q) = \frac{3}{4}\)
A1: \(x = -1\) or \(x = -\frac{7}{16}\)
Question 6
(a) [4 marks]
M1: Find direction vector of AB: \((2, -4, -6)\)
M1: Find direction vector of \(l\): \((3, 1, -2)\)
AnswerMarks Guidance
M1: Use dot product formula: \(\cos(\theta) = \frac{6-4+12 }{\sqrt{56}\sqrt{14}}\)
A1: \(\theta = 22.2°\) (or \(0.387\) radians, to 3 s.f.)
(b) [4 marks]
M1: Let \(C = (3+3\lambda, 2+\lambda, 10-2\lambda)\)
M1: Find \(\vec{BC} = (-2+3\lambda, 4+\lambda, 6-2\lambda)\)
M1: Condition \(\vec{BC} \cdot \vec{AB} = 0\): \(-4+6\lambda - 4 - \lambda + (-12) + 4\lambda = 0\)
M1: Solve: \(9\lambda = 20\), \(\lambda = \frac{20}{9}\)
A1: \(C = (\frac{87}{9}, \frac{38}{9}, \frac{50}{9})\) or \((\frac{29}{3}, \frac{38}{9}, \frac{50}{9})\)
(c) [4 marks]
AnswerMarks Guidance
M1: Find \(\vec{AC} = (\frac{60}{9}, \frac{20}{9}, -\frac{40}{9})\); \(AC = \frac{20\sqrt{13}}{9}\)
M1: \(\vec{BD}\) parallel to \(\vec{AC}\) means \(D = B + k\vec{AC}\) for some \(k\)
AnswerMarks Guidance
M1: Condition \(\vec{CD} \cdot \vec{BD} = 0\) and \(DE = \frac{1}{2}
M1: E lies on line through B and D with $
# Question 1

## (a) [3 marks]
M1: Multiply both sides by $(5-x)(1+6x)$
M1: Compare coefficients or substitute values for $x$
A1: $A = 2$, $B = 3$

## (b) [6 marks]
M1: Integrate $\frac{2}{5-x}$ to get $-2\ln(5-x)$
M1: Integrate $\frac{3}{1+6x}$ to get $\frac{1}{2}\ln(1+6x)$
M1: Apply limits $0$ to $4$
M1: Evaluate at $x=4$: $-2\ln(1) + \frac{1}{2}\ln(25)$
M1: Evaluate at $x=0$: $-2\ln(5) + \frac{1}{2}\ln(1)$
A1: $k = -\frac{3}{2}$ (or equivalent rational form)

---

# Question 2

## (a) [3 marks]
M1: Use $R = \sqrt{4+25} = \sqrt{29}$
M1: Find $a$ where $\tan(a) = \frac{5}{2}$
A1: $R = \sqrt{29}$, $a = 1.19$ radians (to 3 s.f.)

## (b)(i) [2 marks]
M1: Maximum occurs when $\cos(x+a) = 1$, so $x + a = 0$ (or $2\pi$, etc.)
A1: $x = 2\pi - 1.19 = 5.09$ (to 3 s.f.)

## (b)(ii) [3 marks]
M1: Solve $\sqrt{29}\cos(x+a) = -1$
M1: $\cos(x+a) = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{29}}$
M1: Find both values of $x+a$ in range and subtract $a$
A1: $x = 1.77$ and $x = 4.51$ (to 3 s.f.)

---

# Question 3

## (a) [2 marks]
M1: Apply Remainder Theorem: $f(-\frac{1}{2}) = -2$
A1: $d = 3$

## (b)(i) [3 marks]
M1: Perform polynomial division by $(2x+1)$
M1: Factor the quotient as $(4x^2 - 8x + 3)$ or equivalent
A1: $g(x) = (2x+1)(2x-1)(2x-3)$

## (b)(ii) [4 marks]
M1: Factorize numerator: $4x^2 - 1 = (2x-1)(2x+1)$
M1: Cancel to get $h(x) = \frac{2x-1}{2x-3}$
M1: Differentiate: $h'(x) = \frac{2(2x-3) - (2x-1)(2)}{(2x-3)^2} = \frac{-4}{(2x-3)^2}$
A1: Since $h'(x) < 0$ for $x > 2$, $h$ is decreasing

---

# Question 4

## (a) [2 marks]
M1: Apply binomial expansion to $(1+5x)^{1/5}$
A1: $1 + x - \frac{10x^2}{2}$ (or $1 + x - 5x^2$)

## (b)(i) [3 marks]
M1: Rewrite as $8(1 + \frac{3x}{8})^{-2/3}$
M1: Apply binomial expansion with $n = -\frac{2}{3}$
A1: $1 - \frac{x}{4} - \frac{5x^2}{128}$ (or equivalent)

## (b)(ii) [2 marks]
M1: Set $3x = \frac{1}{27}$ to get $x = \frac{1}{81}$, substitute into expansion
A1: $0.3158$ (to 4 d.p.)

---

# Question 5

## (a) [3 marks]
M1: Find $\frac{dx}{dt} = -2\sin(2t)$ and $\frac{dy}{dt} = \cos(t)$
M1: At $t = \frac{\pi}{6}$: $\frac{dx}{dt} = -\sqrt{3}$, $\frac{dy}{dt} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$
A1: Gradient $= -\frac{1}{2}$

## (b) [3 marks]
M1: Gradient of normal is $2$
M1: Find coordinates of P: $(\frac{3}{4}, \frac{1}{2})$
A1: $y = 2x - 1$ (or $2x - y - 1 = 0$)

## (c) [5 marks]
M1: Substitute $y = 2x - 1$ into $y = \sin(q)$ and $x = \cos(2q)$
M1: Use $\sin(q) = 2\cos(2q) - 1$
M1: Substitute $\cos(2q) = 1 - 2\sin^2(q)$ to form quadratic
M1: Rearrange to $4\sin^2(q) + \sin(q) - 3 = 0$
M1: Solve to get $\sin(q) = -1$ (giving $x = -1$) or $\sin(q) = \frac{3}{4}$
A1: $x = -1$ or $x = -\frac{7}{16}$

---

# Question 6

## (a) [4 marks]
M1: Find direction vector of AB: $(2, -4, -6)$
M1: Find direction vector of $l$: $(3, 1, -2)$
M1: Use dot product formula: $\cos(\theta) = \frac{|6-4+12|}{\sqrt{56}\sqrt{14}}$
A1: $\theta = 22.2°$ (or $0.387$ radians, to 3 s.f.)

## (b) [4 marks]
M1: Let $C = (3+3\lambda, 2+\lambda, 10-2\lambda)$
M1: Find $\vec{BC} = (-2+3\lambda, 4+\lambda, 6-2\lambda)$
M1: Condition $\vec{BC} \cdot \vec{AB} = 0$: $-4+6\lambda - 4 - \lambda + (-12) + 4\lambda = 0$
M1: Solve: $9\lambda = 20$, $\lambda = \frac{20}{9}$
A1: $C = (\frac{87}{9}, \frac{38}{9}, \frac{50}{9})$ or $(\frac{29}{3}, \frac{38}{9}, \frac{50}{9})$

## (c) [4 marks]
M1: Find $\vec{AC} = (\frac{60}{9}, \frac{20}{9}, -\frac{40}{9})$; $|AC| = \frac{20\sqrt{13}}{9}$
M1: $\vec{BD}$ parallel to $\vec{AC}$ means $D = B + k\vec{AC}$ for some $k$
M1: Condition $\vec{CD} \cdot \vec{BD} = 0$ and $|DE| = \frac{1}{2}|AC|$
M1: E lies on line through B and D with $
8
\begin{enumerate}[label=(\alph*)]
\item A pond is initially empty and is then filled gradually with water. After $t$ minutes, the depth of the water, $x$ metres, satisfies the differential equation

$$\frac { \mathrm { d } x } { \mathrm {~d} t } = \frac { \sqrt { 4 + 5 x } } { 5 ( 1 + t ) ^ { 2 } }$$

Solve this differential equation to find $x$ in terms of $t$.
\item Another pond is gradually filling with water. After $t$ minutes, the surface of the water forms a circle of radius $r$ metres. The rate of change of the radius is inversely proportional to the area of the surface of the water.
\begin{enumerate}[label=(\roman*)]
\item Write down a differential equation, in the variables $r$ and $t$ and a constant of proportionality, which represents how the radius of the surface of the water is changing with time.\\
(You are not required to solve your differential equation.)
\item When the radius of the pond is 1 metre, the radius is increasing at a rate of 4.5 metres per second. Find the radius of the pond when the radius is increasing at a rate of 0.5 metres per second.\\[0pt]
[2 marks]

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}]{fdd3905e-11f7-4b20-adfe-4c686018a221-18_1277_1709_1430_153}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}]{fdd3905e-11f7-4b20-adfe-4c686018a221-20_2288_1707_221_153}
\end{center}
\end{enumerate}\end{enumerate}

\hfill \mbox{\textit{AQA C4 2015 Q8 [12]}}