3.02g Two-dimensional variable acceleration

5 A particle starts from rest from a point \(O\) and moves in a straight line. The acceleration of the particle at time \(t \mathrm {~s}\) after leaving \(O\) is \(a \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 2 }\), where \(a = k t ^ { \frac { 1 } { 2 } }\) for \(0 \leqslant t \leqslant 9\) and where \(k\) is a constant. The velocity of the particle at \(t = 9\) is \(1.8 \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\).

1. Show that \(k = 0.1\).
   For \(t > 9\), the velocity \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\) of the particle is given by \(v = 0.2 ( t - 9 ) ^ { 2 } + 1.8\).
2. Show that the distance travelled in the first 9 seconds is one tenth of the distance travelled between \(t = 9\) and \(t = 18\).
3. Find the greatest acceleration of the particle during the first 10 seconds of its motion.

6 A particle moves in a straight line, starting from a point \(O\). The velocity of the particle at time \(t\) s after leaving \(O\) is \(v \mathrm {~ms} ^ { - 1 }\). It is given that \(\mathbf { v } = \mathrm { kt } ^ { \frac { 1 } { 2 } } - 2 \mathrm { t } - 8\), where \(k\) is a positive constant. The maximum velocity of the particle is \(4.5 \mathrm {~ms} ^ { - 1 }\).

1. Show that \(k = 10\).
2. 1. Verify that \(v = 0\) when \(t = 1\) and \(t = 16\).
   2. Find the distance travelled by the particle in the first 16 s .

4 A cyclist starts from rest at a point \(A\) and travels along a straight road \(A B\), coming to rest at \(B\). The displacement of the cyclist from \(A\) at time \(t \mathrm {~s}\) after the start is \(s \mathrm {~m}\), where $$s = 0.004 \left( 75 t ^ { 2 } - t ^ { 3 } \right)$$

1. Show that the distance \(A B\) is 250 m .
2. Find the maximum velocity of the cyclist.

5 A particle \(P\) moves in a straight line, starting from rest at a point \(O\) on the line. At time \(t \mathrm {~s}\) after leaving \(O\) the acceleration of \(P\) is \(k \left( 16 - t ^ { 2 } \right) \mathrm { m } \mathrm { s } ^ { - 2 }\), where \(k\) is a positive constant, and the displacement from \(O\) is \(s \mathrm {~m}\). The velocity of \(P\) is \(8 \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\) when \(t = 4\).

1. Show that \(s = \frac { 1 } { 64 } t ^ { 2 } \left( 96 - t ^ { 2 } \right)\).
2. Find the speed of \(P\) at the instant that it returns to \(O\).
3. Find the maximum displacement of the particle from \(O\).

5 Particles \(X\) and \(Y\) move in a straight line through points \(A\) and \(B\). Particle \(X\) starts from rest at \(A\) and moves towards \(B\). At the same instant, \(Y\) starts from rest at \(B\). At time \(t\) seconds after the particles start moving

• the acceleration of \(X\) in the direction \(A B\) is given by \(( 12 t + 12 ) \mathrm { m } \mathrm { s } ^ { - 2 }\),
• the acceleration of \(Y\) in the direction \(A B\) is given by \(( 24 t - 8 ) \mathrm { m } \mathrm { s } ^ { - 2 }\).
  1. It is given that the velocities of \(X\) and \(Y\) are equal when they collide.

Calculate the distance \(A B\).

It is given instead that \(A B = 36 \mathrm {~m}\). Verify that \(X\) and \(Y\) collide after 3 s.

6 A particle, \(P\), travels in a straight line, starting from a point \(O\) with velocity \(6 \mathrm {~ms} ^ { - 1 }\). The acceleration of \(P\) at time \(t \mathrm {~s}\) after leaving \(O\) is \(a \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 2 }\), where $$\begin{array} { l l } a = - 1.5 t ^ { \frac { 1 } { 2 } } & \text { for } 0 \leqslant t \leqslant 1 , \\ a = 1.5 t ^ { \frac { 1 } { 2 } } - 3 t ^ { - \frac { 1 } { 2 } } & \text { for } t > 1 . \end{array}$$

1. Find the velocity of \(P\) at \(t = 1\).
2. Given that there is no change in the velocity of \(P\) when \(t = 1\), find an expression for the velocity of \(P\) for \(t > 1\). \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{145d93bd-7f56-4e8c-a646-938330511347-11_2725_35_99_20}
3. Given that the velocity of \(P\) is positive for \(t \leqslant 4\), find the total distance travelled between \(t = 0\) and \(t = 4\). \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{145d93bd-7f56-4e8c-a646-938330511347-12_723_762_248_653} Two particles, \(A\) and \(B\), of masses 0.2 kg and 0.3 kg respectively, are attached to the ends of a light inextensible string. The string passes over a small fixed smooth pulley which is attached to the bottom of a rough plane inclined at an angle \(\theta\) to the horizontal where \(\sin \theta = 0.6\). Particle \(A\) lies on the plane, and particle \(B\) hangs vertically below the pulley, 0.25 m above horizontal ground. The string between \(A\) and the pulley is parallel to a line of greatest slope of the plane (see diagram). The coefficient of friction between \(A\) and the plane is 1.125 . Particle \(A\) is released from rest.
   1. Find the tension in the string and the magnitude of the acceleration of the particles. \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{145d93bd-7f56-4e8c-a646-938330511347-12_2716_38_109_2012}
   2. When \(B\) reaches the ground, it comes to rest. Find the total distance that \(A\) travels down the plane from when it is released until it comes to rest. You may assume that \(A\) does not reach the pulley.
      If you use the following page to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be clearly shown. \includegraphics[max width=\textwidth, alt={}, center]{145d93bd-7f56-4e8c-a646-938330511347-14_2715_31_106_2016}

6 A particle \(P\) moves in a straight line. The velocity \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\) at time \(t \mathrm {~s}\) is given by $$\begin{array} { l l } v = 5 t ( t - 2 ) & \text { for } 0 \leqslant t \leqslant 4 \\ v = k & \text { for } 4 \leqslant t \leqslant 14 \\ v = 68 - 2 t & \text { for } 14 \leqslant t \leqslant 20 \end{array}$$ where \(k\) is a constant.

1. Find \(k\).
2. Sketch the velocity-time graph for \(0 \leqslant t \leqslant 20\).
3. Find the set of values of \(t\) for which the acceleration of \(P\) is positive.
4. Find the total distance travelled by \(P\) in the interval \(0 \leqslant t \leqslant 20\).

7 A particle starts from rest at the point \(A\) and travels in a straight line until it reaches the point \(B\). The velocity of the particle \(t\) seconds after leaving \(A\) is \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\), where \(v = 0.009 t ^ { 2 } - 0.0001 t ^ { 3 }\). Given that the velocity of the particle when it reaches \(B\) is zero, find

1. the time taken for the particle to travel from \(A\) to \(B\),
2. the distance \(A B\),
3. the maximum velocity of the particle.

6 A particle \(P\) starts from rest at \(O\) and travels in a straight line. Its velocity \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\) at time \(t \mathrm {~s}\) is given by \(v = 8 t - 2 t ^ { 2 }\) for \(0 \leqslant t \leqslant 3\), and \(v = \frac { 54 } { t ^ { 2 } }\) for \(t > 3\). Find

1. the distance travelled by \(P\) in the first 3 seconds,
2. an expression in terms of \(t\) for the displacement of \(P\) from \(O\), valid for \(t > 3\),
3. the value of \(v\) when the displacement of \(P\) from \(O\) is 27 m .

4 The velocity of a particle \(t \mathrm {~s}\) after it starts from rest is \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\), where \(v = 1.25 t - 0.05 t ^ { 2 }\). Find

1. the initial acceleration of the particle,
2. the displacement of the particle from its starting point at the instant when its acceleration is \(0.05 \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 2 }\).

7 A motorcyclist starts from rest at \(A\) and travels in a straight line. For the first part of the motion, the motorcyclist's displacement \(x\) metres from \(A\) after \(t\) seconds is given by \(x = 0.6 t ^ { 2 } - 0.004 t ^ { 3 }\).

1. Show that the motorcyclist's acceleration is zero when \(t = 50\) and find the speed \(V \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\) at this time. For \(t \geqslant 50\), the motorcyclist travels at constant speed \(V \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\).
2. Find the value of \(t\) for which the motorcyclist's average speed is \(27.5 \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\).

5 A particle \(P\) moves in a straight line. It starts from rest at \(A\) and comes to rest instantaneously at \(B\). The velocity of \(P\) at time \(t\) seconds after leaving \(A\) is \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\), where \(v = 6 t ^ { 2 } - k t ^ { 3 }\) and \(k\) is a constant.

1. Find an expression for the displacement of \(P\) from \(A\) in terms of \(t\) and \(k\).
2. Find an expression for \(t\) in terms of \(k\) when \(P\) is at \(B\). Given that the distance \(A B\) is 108 m , find
3. the value of \(k\),
4. the maximum value of \(v\) when the particle is moving from \(A\) towards \(B\).

7 A particle \(P\) starts to move from a point \(O\) and travels in a straight line. The velocity of \(P\) is \(k \left( 60 t ^ { 2 } - t ^ { 3 } \right) \mathrm { ms } ^ { - 1 }\) at time \(t \mathrm {~s}\) after leaving \(O\), where \(k\) is a constant. The maximum velocity of \(P\) is \(6.4 \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\).

1. Show that \(k = 0.0002\). \(P\) comes to instantaneous rest at a point \(A\) on the line. Find
2. the distance \(O A\),
3. the magnitude of the acceleration of \(P\) at \(A\),
4. the speed of \(P\) when it subsequently passes through \(O\).

5 A particle \(P\) moves in a straight line. \(P\) starts from rest at \(O\) and travels to \(A\) where it comes to rest, taking 50 seconds. The speed of \(P\) at time \(t\) seconds after leaving \(O\) is \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\), where \(v\) is defined as follows. $$\begin{aligned} \text { For } 0 \leqslant t \leqslant 5 , & v = t - 0.1 t ^ { 2 } \\ \text { for } 5 \leqslant t \leqslant 45 , & v \text { is constant } \\ \text { for } 45 \leqslant t \leqslant 50 , & v = 9 t - 0.1 t ^ { 2 } - 200 \end{aligned}$$

1. Find the distance travelled by \(P\) in the first 5 seconds.
2. Find the total distance from \(O\) to \(A\), and deduce the average speed of \(P\) for the whole journey from \(O\) to \(A\).

7 A vehicle starts from rest at a point \(O\) and moves in a straight line. Its speed \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\) at time \(t\) seconds after leaving \(O\) is defined as follows. $$\begin{aligned} \text { For } 0 & \leqslant t \leqslant 60 , \quad v = k _ { 1 } t - 0.005 t ^ { 2 } \\ \text { for } t \geqslant 60 , \quad v & = \frac { k _ { 2 } } { \sqrt { } t } \end{aligned}$$ The distance travelled by the vehicle during the first 60 s is 540 m .

1. Find the value of the constant \(k _ { 1 }\) and show that \(k _ { 2 } = 12 \sqrt { } ( 60 )\).
2. Find an expression in terms of \(t\) for the total distance travelled when \(t \geqslant 60\).
3. Find the speed of the vehicle when it has travelled a total distance of 1260 m .

5 A particle \(P\) starts from a fixed point \(O\) and moves in a straight line. At time \(t\) s after leaving \(O\), the velocity \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\) of \(P\) is given by \(v = 6 t - 0.3 t ^ { 2 }\). The particle comes to instantaneous rest at point \(X\).

1. Find the distance \(O X\). A second particle \(Q\) starts from rest from \(O\), at the same instant as \(P\), and also travels in a straight line. The acceleration \(a \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 2 }\) of \(Q\) is given by \(a = k - 12 t\), where \(k\) is a constant. The displacement of \(Q\) from \(O\) is 400 m when \(t = 10\).
2. Find the value of \(k\).

5 A particle starts from a point \(O\) and moves in a straight line. The velocity of the particle at time \(t \mathrm {~s}\) after leaving \(O\) is \(v \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\), where $$\begin{array} { l l } v = 1.5 + 0.4 t & \text { for } 0 \leqslant t \leqslant 5 , \\ v = \frac { 100 } { t ^ { 2 } } - 0.1 t & \text { for } t \geqslant 5 . \end{array}$$

1. Find the acceleration of the particle during the first 5 seconds of motion.
2. Find the value of \(t\) when the particle is instantaneously at rest.
3. Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 10 seconds of motion.

5 A particle starts from a fixed origin with velocity \(0.4 \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\) and moves in a straight line. The acceleration \(a \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 2 }\) of the particle \(t \mathrm {~s}\) after it leaves the origin is given by \(a = k \left( 3 t ^ { 2 } - 12 t + 2 \right)\), where \(k\) is a constant. When \(t = 1\), the velocity of \(P\) is \(0.1 \mathrm {~m} \mathrm {~s} ^ { - 1 }\).

1. Show that the value of \(k\) is 0.1 .
2. Find an expression for the displacement of the particle from the origin in terms of \(t\).
3. Hence verify that the particle is again at the origin at \(t = 2\).

1. At time \(t\) seconds \(( t \geqslant 0 )\) a particle \(P\) has position vector \(\mathbf { r }\) metres, with respect to a fixed origin \(O\), where

$$\mathbf { r } = \left( \frac { 1 } { 8 } t ^ { 4 } - 2 \lambda t ^ { 2 } + 5 \right) \mathbf { i } + \left( 5 t ^ { 2 } - \lambda t \right) \mathbf { j }$$ and \(\lambda\) is a constant. When \(t = 4 , P\) is moving parallel to the vector \(\mathbf { j }\).

1. Show that \(\lambda = 2\)
2. Find the speed of \(P\) when \(t = 4\)
3. Find the acceleration of \(P\) when \(t = 4\) When \(t = 0 , P\) is at the point \(A\). When \(t = 4 , P\) is at the point \(B\).
4. Find the distance \(A B\).

1. \hspace{0pt} [In this question, the perpendicular unit vectors \(\mathbf { i }\) and \(\mathbf { j }\) are in a horizontal plane.]

A particle \(Q\) of mass 1.5 kg is moving on a smooth horizontal plane under the action of a single force \(\mathbf { F }\) newtons. At time \(t\) seconds ( \(t \geqslant 0\) ), the position vector of \(Q\), relative to a fixed point \(O\), is \(\mathbf { r }\) metres and the velocity of \(Q\) is \(\mathbf { v } \mathrm { ms } ^ { - 1 }\) It is given that $$\mathbf { v } = \left( 3 t ^ { 2 } + 2 t \right) \mathbf { i } + \left( t ^ { 3 } + k t \right) \mathbf { j }$$ where \(k\) is a constant.
Given that when \(t = 2\) particle \(Q\) is moving in the direction of the vector \(\mathbf { i } + \mathbf { j }\)

1. show that \(k = 4\)
2. find the magnitude of \(\mathbf { F }\) when \(t = 2\) Given that \(\mathbf { r } = 3 \mathbf { i } + 4 \mathbf { j }\) when \(t = 0\)
3. find \(\mathbf { r }\) when \(t = 2\)

1. \hspace{0pt} [In this question \(\mathbf { i }\) and \(\mathbf { j }\) are horizontal unit vectors due east and due north respectively.]

A particle \(P\) moves with constant acceleration \(( - 2 \mathbf { i } + 3 \mathbf { j } ) \mathrm { ms } ^ { - 2 }\). At time \(t\) seconds, the velocity of \(P\) is \(\mathbf { v m ~ s } ^ { - 1 }\). When \(t = 0 , \mathbf { v } = 10 \mathbf { i } + 4 \mathbf { j }\).

1. Find the direction of motion of \(P\) when \(t = 6\), giving your answer as a bearing to the nearest degree.
2. Find the value of \(t\) when \(P\) is moving north east.

5. A particle \(P\) is moving in a plane with constant acceleration. The velocity, \(\mathbf { v } \mathrm { m } \mathrm { s } ^ { - 1 }\), of \(P\) at time \(t\) seconds is given by $$\mathbf { v } = ( 7 - 5 t ) \mathbf { i } + ( 12 t - 20 ) \mathbf { j }$$

1. Find the speed of \(P\) when \(t = 2\)
2. Find, to the nearest degree, the size of the angle between the direction of motion of \(P\) and the vector \(\mathbf { j }\), when \(t = 2\) The constant acceleration of \(P\) is a m s-2
3. Find \(\mathbf { a }\) in terms of \(\mathbf { i }\) and \(\mathbf { j }\)
4. Find the value of \(t\) when \(P\) is moving in the direction of the vector \(( - 5 \mathbf { i } + 8 \mathbf { j } )\)

1. \hspace{0pt} [In this question \(\mathbf { i }\) and \(\mathbf { j }\) are perpendicular horizontal unit vectors.]

A particle \(P\) is moving with constant acceleration. At 2 pm , the velocity of \(P\) is \(( 3 \mathbf { i } + 5 \mathbf { j } ) \mathrm { km } \mathrm { h } ^ { - 1 }\) and at 2.30 pm the velocity of \(P\) is \(( \mathbf { i } + 7 \mathbf { j } ) \mathrm { km } \mathrm { h } ^ { - 1 }\) At time \(T\) hours after \(2 \mathrm { pm } , P\) is moving in the direction of the vector \(( - \mathbf { i } + 2 \mathbf { j } )\)

1. Find the value of \(T\). Another particle, \(Q\), has velocity \(\mathbf { v } _ { Q } \mathrm {~km} \mathrm {~h} ^ { - 1 }\) at time \(t\) hours after 2 pm , where $$\mathbf { v } _ { Q } = ( - 4 - 2 t ) \mathbf { i } + ( \mu + 3 t ) \mathbf { j }$$ and \(\mu\) is a constant. Given that there is an instant when the velocity of \(P\) is equal to the velocity of \(Q\),
2. find the value of \(\mu\).

1 The position vector, \(\mathbf { r }\), of a particle of mass 4 kg at time \(t\) is given by $$\mathbf { r } = t ^ { 2 } \mathbf { i } + \left( 5 t - 2 t ^ { 2 } \right) \mathbf { j } ,$$ where \(\mathbf { i }\) and \(\mathbf { j }\) are the standard unit vectors, lengths are in metres and time is in seconds.

1. Find an expression for the acceleration of the particle. The particle is subject to a force \(\mathbf { F }\) and a force \(12 \mathbf { j } \mathbf { N }\).
2. Find \(\mathbf { F }\).

5 The acceleration of a particle of mass 4 kg is given by \(\mathbf { a } = ( 9 \mathbf { i } - 4 t \mathbf { j } ) \mathrm { m } \mathrm { s } ^ { - 2 }\), where \(\mathbf { i }\) and \(\mathbf { j }\) are unit vectors and \(t\) is the time in seconds.

1. Find the acceleration of the particle when \(t = 0\) and also when \(t = 3\).
2. Calculate the force acting on the particle when \(t = 3\). The particle has velocity \(( 4 \mathbf { i } + 2 \mathbf { j } ) \mathrm { m } \mathrm { s } ^ { - 1 }\) when \(t = 1\).
3. Find an expression for the velocity of the particle at time \(t\).